Trichozoa
Trichozoa is a group of excavates. "Fornicata" is a similar grouping, but it excludes Parabasalia.Tree
at

National Institute of Genetics

"Eopharyngia" is an even more narrow grouping, including and but not

Eopharyngia
Trichozoa is a group of excavates. "Fornicata" is a similar grouping, but it excludes Parabasalia.Tree
at

National Institute of Genetics

"Eopharyngia" is an even more narrow grouping, including and

Trichomonas Giemsa
''Trichomonas'' is a genus of anaerobic excavate parasites of vertebrates. It was first discovered by Alfred François Donné in 1836 when he found these parasites in the pus of a patient suffering from vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. Donné named the genus from its morphological characteristics. The prefix tricho- originates from the Ancient Greek word (thrix) meaning hair, describing ''Trichomonas''’s flagella. The suffix -monas ( – single unit), describes its similarity to unicellular organisms from the genus '' Monas''. Habitat and ecology ''Trichomonas'' is typically found in anaerobic environments. It is a known parasite of many different animals including humans, birds, dogs, and cats. In humans, it can be found in the urogenital tract and in the oral cavity. It is estimated that 276 million new cases of urogenital infections occur each year. Depending on the ''Trichomonas'' species, it can either be transmitted through direct sexual contact or through co ...
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Parabasalia
The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata. Most of these eukaryotic organisms form a symbiotic relationship in animals. These include a variety of forms found in the intestines of termites and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants. Other species within this supergroup are known parasites, and include human pathogens. Characteristics The flagella are arranged in one or more clusters near the anterior of the cell. Their basal bodies are linked to parabasal fibers that attach to prominent Golgi complexes, distinctive to the group. Usually they also give rise to a sheet of cross-like microtubules that runs down the center of the cell and in some cases projects past the end. This is called the axostyle, but is different in structure from the axostyles of oxymonads. Parabasalids are anaerobic, and lack mitochondria, but this is now known to be a result of secondary loss, and ...
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Carpediemonadia
''Carpediemonas'' is genus of Metamonada, and belongs to the group Excavata. This organism is a unicellular flagellated eukaryote that was first discovered in substrate samples from the Great Barrier Reef. ''Carpediemonas'' can be found in anaerobic intertidal sediment, where it feeds on bacteria. A feature of this species is the presence of a feeding groove, a characteristic of the excavates. Like most other metamonads, ''Carpediemonas'' does not rely on an aerobic mitochondrion to produce energy. Instead, it contains hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. Hydrogenosomes are highly variable organelles that have presumably evolved from protomitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP i ...s that are used to produce ATP. This organism has two flagella: a posterior one used for feeding on the substrate, and an anterior one that moves in a slower sweeping motion. ''Carpediemonas'' is assi ...
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Excavata
Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and also includes some important parasites of humans, including ''Giardia'' and ''Trichomonas''. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete Protista kingdom. They are classified based on their flagellar structures, and they are considered to be the most basal flagellate lineage. Phylogenomic analyses split the members of Excavata into three different and not all closely related groups: Discobids, Metamonads and Malawimonads. Except for Euglenozoa, they are all non-photosynthetic. Characteristics Most excavates are unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates. Only the Euglenozoa are photosynthetic. In some (particularly anaerobic intestinal parasites), the mitochondria have been greatly ...
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National Institute Of Genetics
The National Institute of Genetics ("Japanese Institute of Genetics") is a Japanese institution founded in 1949. It hosts the DNA Data Bank of Japan The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a biological database that collects DNA sequences. It is located at the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) in the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan. It is also a member of the International Nucleotide Sequence .... Notes and references External links * Genetic engineering in Japan Genomics Bioinformatics organizations Biological databases Medical research institutes in Japan Research institutes established in 1949 1949 establishments in Japan {{genetics-stub ...
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Retortamonadida
The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the ''Chilomastix cuspidata'' exists. They are grouped under the taxon, Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other. There are two genera: ''Retortamonas'' with two flagella, and '' Chilomastix'' with four. In both cases there are four basal bodies anterior to a prominent feeding groove, and one flagellum is directed back through the cell, emerging from the groove. The retortamonads lack mitochondria, golgi apparatus, dictyosomes, and peroxisomes. They are close relatives of the diplomonads, and are placed among the metamonad The metamonads are microscopic eukaryotic organisms, a large group of flagellate amitochondriate Loukozoa. Their composition is not entirely settled, but they include the retortamonads, diplomonads, ...
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Diplomonadida
The diplomonads (Greek for "two units") are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include ''Giardia duodenalis'', which causes giardiasis in humans. They are placed among the metamonads, and appear to be particularly close relatives of the retortamonads. Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each with four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis. Like the retortamonads, they lack both mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. However, they are now known to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of ''G. duodenalis'', called mitosomes. These are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins. Possible sexual reproduction in ''Giardia'' The common intestinal parasite ''Giardia duodenalis'' (synonyms ''Giardia lamblia'', ''G. intestinalis'') was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and s ...
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Carpediemonas
''Carpediemonas'' is genus of Metamonada, and belongs to the group Excavata. This organism is a unicellular flagellated eukaryote that was first discovered in substrate samples from the Great Barrier Reef. ''Carpediemonas'' can be found in anaerobic intertidal sediment, where it feeds on bacteria. A feature of this species is the presence of a feeding groove, a characteristic of the excavates. Like most other metamonads, ''Carpediemonas'' does not rely on an aerobic mitochondrion to produce energy. Instead, it contains hydrogenosome A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. Hydrogenosomes are highly variable organelles that have presumably evolved from protomitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP i ...s that are used to produce ATP. This organism has two flagella: a posterior one used for feeding on the substrate, and an anterior one that moves in a slower sweeping motion. ''Carpediemonas'' is assi ...
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