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Tombusviridae
''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 ORFs. The polymerase encodes an amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus. ICTVFamily - Tombusviridae in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, pp 1111-1138, 23 November 2011, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00096-3 Structure The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahedral (T=3) capsid, composed of 180 units of a single coat protein 27–42K in size; the virion meas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tombusviridae Genome
''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded sense (molecular biology), positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmented (monopartite) linear genome, with the exception of Dianthoviruses, whose genome is bipartite. The genome is approximately 4.6–4.8kb in length, lacks a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, and it encodes 4–6 open reading frame, ORFs. The polymerase encodes an stop codon, amber stop codon which is the site of a readthrough event within ORF1, producing two products necessary for replication. There is no helicase encoded by the virus.International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, ICTVFamily - Tombusviridae in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2012, pp 1111-1138, 23 November 2011, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00096-3 Structure The RNA is encapsulated in an icosahe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a virus of the tombusvirus family. It was first reported in tomatoes in 1935 and primarily affects vegetable crops, though it is not generally considered an economically significant plant pathogen. Depending upon the host, TBSV causes stunting of growth, leaf mottling, and deformed or absent fruit. The virus is likely to be soil-borne in the natural setting, but can also be transmitted mechanically, for example through contaminated cutting tools. TBSV has been used as a model system in virology research on the life cycle of plant viruses, particularly in experimental infections of the model host plant ''Nicotiana benthamiana''. Host range TBSV has a broad host range under experimental conditions and has been reported to infect over 120 plant species spanning 20 families. However, under natural conditions its range is much narrower and generally comprises crop vegetables and ornamental plants. It was first identified in tomato plants and also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Clover Necrotic Mosaic Virus Translation Enhancer Elements
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) contains several structural elements present within the 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions (UTR) of the genome that enhance translation. In eukaryotes transcription is a prerequisite for translation. During transcription the pre-mRNA transcript is processes where a 5′ cap is attached onto mRNA and this 5′ cap allows for ribosome assembly onto the mRNA as it acts as a binding site for the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F. Once eIF4F is bound to the mRNA this protein complex interacts with the poly(A) binding protein which is present within the 3′ UTR and results in mRNA circularization. This multiprotein-mRNA complex then recruits the ribosome subunits and scans the mRNA until it reaches the start codon. Transcription of viral genomes differs from eukaryotes as viral genomes produce mRNA transcripts that lack a 5’ cap site. Despite lacking a cap site viral genes contain a structural element within the 5’ UTR known as an internal r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallantivirus
''Gallantivirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Galinsoga mosaic virus (''Gallantivirus galinsogae''). Diseases associated with this genus include: chlorotic or necrotic local lesions, systemic mosaic; leaf malformation. Structure Viruses in ''Gallantivirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betanecrovirus
''Betanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are three species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Betanecrovirus betae'', Beet black scorch virus * ''Betanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus D * ''Betanecrovirus porri'', Leek white stripe virus Structure Viruses in ''Betanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm in diameter. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avenavirus
''Avenavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae ''Tombusviridae'' is a family of single-stranded positive sense RNA plant viruses. The family contains 18 genera in 3 subfamilies. The name is derived from Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). Genome All viruses in the family have a non-segmente ...''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Oat chlorotic stunt virus (''Avenavirus avenae''). Structure Viruses in ''Avenavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4.1kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureusvirus
''Aureusvirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Aureusvirus aurei'', Pothos latent virus * ''Aureusvirus cucumis'', Cucumber leaf spot virus * ''Aureusvirus dioscoreae'', Yam spherical virus * ''Aureusvirus sambuci'', Elderberry aureusvirus 1 * ''Aureusvirus sorghi'', Johnsongrass chlorotic stripe mosaic virus * ''Aureusvirus zeae'', Maize white line mosaic virus Maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV) is a pathogenic plant virus Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular ... Structure Viruses in ''Aureusvirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphanecrovirus
''Alphanecrovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Tombusviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Alphanecrovirus nicotianae'', Tobacco necrosis virus A Tobacco necrosis virus A (TNV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family ''Tombusviridae''. Hosts and symptoms Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) can thrive on a handful of viable hosts. These hosts include tobacco, zucchini, cucumbers, carrots, Fre ... * ''Alphanecrovirus oleae'', Olive latent virus 1 * ''Alphanecrovirus solani'', Potato necrosis virus * ''Alphanecrovirus tessellati'', Olive mild mosaic virus Structure Viruses in ''Alphanecrovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umbravirus
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, Sense (molecular biology)#RNA sense in viruses, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Umbravirus arachidis'', Groundnut rosette virus * ''Umbravirus carotae'', Carrot mottle mimic virus * ''Umbravirus ethiopiaense'', Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus ixeridii'', Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2 * ''Umbravirus lactucae'', Lettuce speckles mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculacarotae'', Carrot mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculae'', Tobacco mottle virus * ''Umbravirus nicotianae'', Tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus papaveri'', Opium poppy mosaic virus * ''Umbravirus patriniae'', Patrinia mild mottle virus * ''Umbravirus pisi'', Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calvusvirinae
''Umbravirus'' is a genus of plant viruses assigned to the family ''Tombusviridae''. The genus has 11 species. Transmission may be by aphids or mechanical inoculation. The genome is a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 4200–6900 nucleotides in length. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names: * ''Umbravirus arachidis'', Groundnut rosette virus * ''Umbravirus carotae'', Carrot mottle mimic virus * ''Umbravirus ethiopiaense'', Ethiopian tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus ixeridii'', Ixeridium yellow mottle virus 2 * ''Umbravirus lactucae'', Lettuce speckles mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculacarotae'', Carrot mottle virus * ''Umbravirus maculae'', Tobacco mottle virus * ''Umbravirus nicotianae'', Tobacco bushy top virus * ''Umbravirus papaveri'', Opium poppy mosaic virus * ''Umbravirus patriniae'', Patrinia mild mottle virus ''Patrinia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the honeysuckl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cis-acting
''Cis''-regulatory elements (CREs) or ''cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology. CREs are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate. CREs typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes ( pleiotropy). The Latin prefix ''cis'' means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed. CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulate expression of nearby genes and regulate their transcription rates. They are labeled as ''cis'' because they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
