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Third Fitna
The Third Fitna (), was a series of civil wars and uprisings against the Umayyad Caliphate. It began with a revolt against Caliph al-Walid II in 744, and lasted until 747, when Marwan II emerged as the victor. The war exacerbated internal tensions, especially the Qays–Yaman rivalry, and the temporary collapse of Umayyad authority opened the way for Kharijite and other anti-Umayyad revolts. The last and most successful of these was the Abbasid Revolution, which began in Khurasan in 747, and ended with the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate and the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750. Background The civil war began in 744 with the overthrow of al-Walid II () who had succeeded his uncle Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (). Hisham had been appointed by his brother, Yazid II (), who had specified that his son, al-Walid II, should succeed him. Al-Walid II's accession was initially well received due to Hisham's unpopularity and his decision to increase army pay, but the mood quick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qays–Yaman Rivalry
The Qays–Yaman rivalry refers to the rivalry between the tribal factions of Qays–Mudar and the Yaman. The history of the rivalry centers mainly within the armies and administrations of the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th and 8th centuries, but persisted to varying degrees among the Arabs through Ottoman rule (1517–1918). Membership in either faction was rooted in the genealogical origins of the tribes, real or perceived, which divided them into south Arabian descendants of Qahtan (the Yaman) or north Arabian descendants of Adnan (Qays–Mudar). The tribes which constituted the Yaman, most prominently the Kalb, Ghassanids, Tanukh and Judham, were well-established throughout the Syria (the Levant) since the pre-Islamic period, while the Qaysi tribes, namely the Sulaym, Banu Amir and Ghatafan migrated to northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia with the Muslim armies in the 7th century. The feud did not effectively take shape until after the reign of Caliph Mu'awiya I (), who, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazid III
Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly known as Yazid III, was the twelfth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death months later. Birth and background Yazid was the member of the influential Umayyad dynasty. His father, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen, while historian al-Tabari (d. 923) names nineteen. Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother was Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya. Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I. His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of Peroz. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry: :I am the son of Chosroes, my ancestor was Marwan, :Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khagan. Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome. Downfall of Al-Walid During the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharijite
The Kharijites (, singular ) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661). The first Kharijites were supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with his challenger, Mu'awiya, at the Battle of Siffin in 657. They asserted that "judgment belongs to God alone", which became their motto, and that rebels such as Mu'awiya had to be fought and overcome according to Qur'anic injunctions. Ali defeated the Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan in 658, but their insurrection continued. Ali was assassinated in 661 by a Kharijite dissident seeking revenge for the defeat at Nahrawan. After Mu'awiya established the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, his governors kept the Kharijites in check. The power vacuum caused by the Second Fitna (680–692) allowed for the resumption of the Kharijites' anti-government rebellion, and the Kharijite factions of the Azariqa and Najdat came to control large areas in Persia and Arabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Walid II
Al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (; 70917 April 744), commonly known as al-Walid II, was the eleventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 743 until his assassination in 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Birth and background Al-Walid was the son of Umayyad caliph Yazid II and his wife Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad al-Thaqafi in 709. His mother was the daughter of Umayyad official Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi. His father, Yazid II ruled the Caliphate from 720 to January 724. Yazid II died in Irbid in the Balqa (i.e. Transjordan) subdistrict of Jund Dimashq (military district of Damascus) on 26 Sha'ban 105 AH (28 January 724 CE). His son al-Walid or half-brother Hisham led his funeral prayers. Yazid had intended to appoint al-Walid as his immediate successor, but was persuaded by Maslama to appoint Hisham instead, followed by al-Walid. Early life As al-Walid grew older, Hisham became increasingly displeased with his nephew's behaviour (including an excessiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ummah
' (; ) is an Arabic word meaning Muslim identity, nation, religious community, or the concept of a Commonwealth of the Muslim Believers ( '). It is a synonym for ' (, lit. 'the Islamic nation'); it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Muslim people. In the Quran, the ''ummah'' typically refers to a single group that shares a common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. The word ''ummah'' (pl. ''umam'' ) means nation in Arabic. For example, the Arabic term for the United Nations is , and the term is used to refer to "the Arab Nation". Ummah is distinguished from ' ( , "people"), which means a nation with common ancestry or geography. The word ''ummah'' differs from the concept of a country or people. In its greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people. For example, in Arabic the word شعب ' ("people") would be used to describe the citizens of Syria. However, the term ''ummah'' is used t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qur'an
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God ('' Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies. Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the Laylat al-Qadr, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important miracle, a proof of his prophethood, and the culmination of a series of divine messages starting with those revealed to the first Islamic prophet Adam, including the holy books of the Torah, Psalms, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fitna (word)
''Fitna'' (or ', pl. '; : "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict"#refWehr1976, Wehr (1976), p. 696.) is an Arabic term that denotes concepts such as temptation, trial, sedition, civil strife, and conflict. The term encompasses a broad range of connotations, including trial, affliction, and distress. While it holds significant historical importance, the word is also widely used in modern Arabic, often without reference to its historical connotations. A distinction can be observed between the meanings of ' as used in Classical Arabic and its meanings as used in Modern Standard Arabic and various Arabic dialect, colloquial dialects. Given the conceptual significance of ''fitna'' in the Qur’an, its Qur’anic usage warrants separate consideration from, though in addition to, its broader Lexical item, lexical meaning in Classical Arabic. In Islamic historiography, ''fitna'' specifically refers to civil wars within a Muslim polity, notably the five civil wars of the Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Muslim
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (; ; 718/19 or 723/27 – 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate. Little is known about Abu Muslim's origins, but by the early 740s he had been in contact with Abbasid agents and around the year 745 he was sent to Khorasan. In 747, Abu Muslim ignited an open revolt against Umayyad rule and quickly took the city of Merv. He gradually strengthened Abbasid control over Khorasan, and was appointed governor of the province following the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in 750. Wary of Abu Muslim's rising influence and popularity, the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur, ordered his death. He was executed in front of the caliph in Al-Mada'in in 755 on charges of heresy. Origin and name According to Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi, "sources differ regarding his original name and his origin. Some make him a descendant of Gōdarz and of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juday Al-Kirmani
Juday ibn Ali al-Kirmani al-Ma'ni (; ) was an Azdi commander in Khurasan during the final decades of the Umayyad Caliphate. He initially helped defeat the rebel al-Harith ibn Surayj and his Türgesh allies in 736–737, becoming one of the most prominent men in Khurasan and a rival to the Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar. The rivalry led in 744 to a revolt of the Yamani tribes against Nasr, in which al-Kirmani was joined by his former enemy, Ibn Surayj. The two allies expelled Nasr from the provincial capital, Merv, in late 746 but soon fell out, and both Ibn Surayj and later al-Kirmani were killed. The turmoil of the revolt opened the way for the start and eventual triumph of the Abbasid Revolution. Biography Early career As his nisba shows, Juday al-Kirmani was born and raised at Jiruft in Kirman. His family belonged to the Azd 'Uman, and was closely allied to the Muhallabid clan, which was prominent in the Islamic East; Juday's father had fought under al-Muhallab ibn Abi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Talib Al-Haqq
Abu Yahya Abdallah ibn Yahya ibn Umar ibn al-Aswad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Harith ibn Mu'awiya ibn al-Harith al-Kindi, better known by his laqab of Talib al-Haqq (, ), was the leader of an Ibadi revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in southern Arabia during the Third Fitna. Life Very little information is preserved about his life. He was born Abdallah ibn Yahya was of Kindaite origin, and had originally been appointed by the Umayyad governor of Yemen as a judge () in the eastern Hadramawt region. In this capacity he became renowned for his piety and strict interpretation of Islamic law, and won the sympathies of local anti-Umayyad elements. Abdallah was encouraged to rise up by Abu Ubayda Muslim ibn Abi Karima, the leader of the Ibadi Kharijite movement in Basra, who sent him money and arms, as well as two of his disciples, Abu Hamza al-Mukhtar and Balj ibn Uqba al-Azdi, for the purpose. In late 745, as Umayyad authority was shaken by the outbreak of the Third Fitna, he proclaimed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hafs Ibn Al-Walid Ibn Yusuf Al-Hadrami
Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami () was a governor of Egypt for the Umayyad Caliphate in the mid-8th century. Hafs was a member of a well-connected family from the original Arab settler community in Egypt, the "'' jund''",Kennedy (1998), p. 75 chiefly resident at the capital of Fustat, which had traditionally dominated the province's administration. He had served as ''sahib al-shurta'' (chief of police) prior to his rise to the governorship. With the death of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik in 743, the Umayyad regime entered a period of instability—that eventually culminated in civil war—and Hafs sought to use the weakness of the Umayyad government to re-affirm the predominance of the ''jund'' in Egyptian affairs against the Qays Syrians who had come to Egypt with Umayyad backing over the previous years. The Syrians were forcibly expelled from Fustat, and Hafs set about recruiting a force of 30,000 men, named ''Hafsiya'' after him, from among the native non-Arab converts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Dahhak Ibn Qays Al-Shaybani
Al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays al-Shaybānī () was the leader of a widespread but unsuccessful Kharijite rebellion in Iraq against the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II from 745 until his death in battle in 746. Crisis of the caliphate and the Kharijite revolt The deposition of al-Walid II in spring 744 began a turbulent period in the Umayyad Caliphate; his successor Yazid III died within a few months, and the ambitious governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan Marwan ibn Muhammad, rebelled against Yazid's designated successor, Ibrahim ibn al-Walid. Marwan succeeded in gaining control of Damascus and Syria, but elsewhere his authority ranged from theoretical to non-existent. In Iraq, this turmoil spilled over in the form of a struggle between Yazid III's governor Abdallah ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and Marwan's appointee, al-Nadr ibn Sa'id al-Harashi. This conflict allowed the Kharijites, a Muslim sect which had originated in Mesopotamia, to rise up. This revolt was initially led by Sa'id ibn Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
