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Temenggong
Temenggong or Tumenggung ( Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ; ''Temenggung'', Hanacaraka: ꦠꦸꦩꦼꦁꦒꦸꦁ; ''Tumenggung'') is an old Malay and Javanese title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security. Responsibilities The Temenggong is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch (raja or sultan), as well as overseeing the state police and army. A temenggong may also be assigned by his sovereign as a ruler in frontier regions, acting either as a regent or viceroy with additional development & military responsibility (comparable to European Marquess). However, a Temenggong could usurp power for themselves, as in the case in Johor. Johor In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggong of Muar held a fief centered in Segamat for approximately two centuries and the Temenggong of Johor was the head of the fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggong was ''Temenggung Seri Maharaja''. Although the Temenggong was the head o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Bakar Of Johor
Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Al-Khalil Ibrahim Shah ibni Almarhum Maharaja Tun Daeng Ibrahim ( Jawi: ; 3 February 1833 – 4 June 1895) was the Temenggong of Johor. He was the 1st sultan of modern Johor, the 21st Sultan of Johor and the first Maharaja of Johor from the House of Temenggong. He was also informally known as "The Father of Modern Johor", as many historians accredited Johor's development in the 19th century to Abu Bakar's leadership. He initiated policies and provided aids to ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs to stimulate the development of the state's agricultural economy which was founded by Chinese migrants from southern China in the 1840s. He also took charge of the development of Johor's infrastructure, administrative system, military and civil service, all of which were modelled closely along Western lines. Abu Bakar was noted for his diplomatic skills, and both the British and Malay rulers had approached him for advice in making important decisions. He was also an avid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultanate Of Johor
The Johor Sultanate ( or ; also called the Sultanate of Johor, Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga, or the Johor Empire) was founded by Sultan of Malacca Mahmud Shah of Malacca, Mahmud Shah's son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor, Alauddin Riayat Shah II in 1528. Prior to being a sultanate of its own right, Johor had been part of the Malacca Sultanate, Malaccan Sultanate before the Portuguese Empire, Portuguese Capture of Malacca (1511), captured its capital in 1511. At its height, the sultanate controlled territory in what is now modern-day Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, territories stretching from the rivers of Klang River, Klang to the Linggi River, Linggi and Tanjung Tuan, situated respectively in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca (as an exclave), Singapore, Pulau Tinggi and other islands off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, the Karimun Regency, Karimun Islands, the islands of Bintan, Bulang, Lingga Islands, Lingga and Bunguran Islands, Bunguran, and Bengkalis, Kampar Regency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temenggong Of Johor
The Temenggong of Johor was one of the members of the Orang Kaya Council established by Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III of Johor, Abdul Jalil Shah of the Johor Sultanate. History The first Temenggong appointed was Temenggong Abdul Jamal in 1757. The Temenggong of Johor was given the task of controlling the security of the sultan, safeguarding the state and exercising control over the territories of the Johor Sultanate. The Temenggong of Johor was granted territorial control by the Sultan of Johor and Singapura (later Singapore) as the representative of the Sultan of Johor-Riau, just as the Grand Vizier was given Pahang as the territorial control, while the Temenggong of Muar was given Muar District, Muar. The descendants of the House of Temenggong would later found the new sultanate on mainland Johor with the first sultan of modern Johor being Abu Bakar of Johor, Abu Bakar. Temenggongs of Johor References {{reflist House of Temenggong of Johor Johor roya ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temenggong Of Muar
Raja Temenggung of Muar(Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, ''Ahlul-bait (keluarga) Rasulullah SAW & raja-raja Melayu'', pg 182 (also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar)R. O. Winstedt, ''A History of Johore (1365–1941)'', pg 129 was a noble title used to refer to the family of Dato' Pasir Raja @ Sayyid Ja'afar bin Tun Muhammad Ali Al-'Aydarūs and his descendants, which ruled the Muar fief, which was a part of the Johor Empire from the middle of the seventeenth century onwards. History During the mid-seventeenth century, the Sultan of Johor took the hand of Marhum Bakal, the sister of Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid and Sayyid Ja'afar, the Dato' Pasir Raja. As a dowry, Dato' Pasir Raja was granted the fief of Muar. The first Raja Temenggung of Muar is Sa Akar di-Raja whose mausoleum is found Kampung Lubuk Batu, Segamat next to the mausoleum of Bendahara Tepok founder of Segamat; his descendants were similarly buried at Kampung Lubuk Batu. The 7th Raja Temenggung, Engku Ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sultan Agung Of Mataram
Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Anyakrakusuma (; 1593 – 1654), commonly known as Sultan Agung, was the third Sultan of Mataram in Central Java ruling from 1613 to 1645. He was a skilled soldier who conquered neighbouring states and expanded and consolidated his kingdom to its greatest territorial and military power. ''Sultan Agung'' or ''Susuhunan Agung'' (literally, "Great Sultan" or "Majestic Sultan") is subject to a substantial amount of literature due to his legacy as a Javanese ruler, a fighter against the incursions of the Dutch East India Company, a conqueror, and his existence within a cultural framework where myth and magic are intertwined with verifiable historical events and personages. The Dutch literature wrote his name as ''Agoeng de Grote'' (literally, "Agung the Great"). For his service as a fighter and cultural observer, Sultan Agung was declared as National Hero of Indonesia on November 3, 1975. Biography Early reign Rangsang ascended to the throne when he wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syahbandar
Shahbandar (), was an official of the ports in Safavid Persia and one also known on other shores of the Indian Ocean. The Shahbandar (Port Master) was in charge of the traders and the collection of taxes. The office of shahbandar first appeared in Persia, and from there spread throughout the Indian Ocean basin. Later on, having become obsolete for the port towns of Persia, the term shahbandar was now used for the official who represented the interests of the Turkish merchants operating within Persia. In the Brunei Sultanate, or was the highest honour for a politician, reserved for the royal house family. Malacca Sultanate During the era of the Malacca Sultanate, the ''Shahbandar'', also spelt ''Syahbandar'', played a crucial role in managing port affairs. In addition to overseeing traders and collecting taxes from international merchants, the ''Shahbandar'' was responsible for enforcing maritime laws in accordance with the ''Undang-undang Laut Melaka'' ( Jawi: ) (Maritime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jawi Script
Jawi (; ; ; ) is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Betawi, Magindanao, Malay, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, Ternate and many other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ''ca'' ( ), ''nga'' ( ), ''pa'' ( ), ''ga'' ( ), ''va'' ( ), and ''nya'' ( ). Jawi was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia, supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone, a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. However, the script may have used as early as the 9th century, when Peureulak Sultanate has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of List of islands of the United Kingdom, the smaller islands within the British Isles, covering . Northern Ireland shares Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. It maintains sovereignty over the British Overseas Territories, which are located across various oceans and seas globally. The UK had an estimated population of over 68.2 million people in 2023. The capital and largest city of both England and the UK is London. The cities o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stadtholder
In the Low Countries, a stadtholder ( ) was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and Habsburg period (1384 – 1581/1795). The title was used for the highest executive official of each province performing several duties, such as appointing lower administrators and maintaining peace and order, in the early Dutch Republic. As multiple provinces appointed the same stadtholder, the stadtholder of the powerful province of Holland at times functioned as the ''de facto'' head of state of the Dutch Republic as a whole during the 16th to 18th centuries, in an effectively hereditary role. For the last half century of its existence, it became an officially hereditary title under Prince William IV of Orange. His son, Prince William V, was the last ''stadtholder'' of all provinces of the Republic, until fleeing French revolutionary tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laksamana
The Laksamana ( Jawi: ) is a position within the armed forces, similar to the position of admiral in Malay sultanates and in present-day countries like Indonesia and Malaysia. Since South East Asia was part of Indosphere of Greater India since earlier, during and after the Hinduised Srivijaya empire, Hindu titles based on Sanskrit were used. The word Laksamana originated from '' Lakshmana'', a figure in the Hindu epic of Ramayana. Malacca Sultanate The ''Laksamana'' in the Malacca Sultanate was a key figure responsible for safeguarding the Sultanate’s maritime security, particularly along the vital China-India trade route in the Straits of Malacca, which was the lifeline of the empire. As the commander of the Malaccan fleet, the ''Laksamana'' held significant authority, outranked only by the '' Bendahara'' (prime minister) and the Sultan. In addition to his naval duties, the ''Laksamana'' also served in roles akin to a modern-day head of diplomatic affairs and vice ministe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Batavia
The siege of Batavia was a military campaign led by Sultan Agung of Mataram to capture the Dutch port-settlement of Batavia in western Java. The first attempt was launched in 1628, and the second in 1629; both were unsuccessful. Prelude In the Indonesian Archipelago the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) first established their base of operation in Amboina. To expand their trading network, the Dutch asked for the permission of the Sultanate of Mataram, then the rising power in Java, to build ''lojis'' (trading posts, most consisting of a fort and warehouses) along Java's northern coast. The second ruler of Mataram, Raden Mas Jolang, allowed one such settlement to be built in Jepara in 1613, perhaps in hope that the company will be a powerful ally against his most powerful enemy, the city state of Surabaya. After the VOC under their most renowned governor general Jan Pieterszoon Coen had wrested the port of Jacatra (Jayakarta) from Sultanate of Banten in 1619, they estab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kendal Regency
Kendal () is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency in the northern part of Central Java province in Indonesia, west of Semarang. The regency is bordered by the Java Sea in the north, Semarang City and Semarang Regency in the east, Temanggung Regency in the south, and Batang Regency in the west. Kendal Regency was established on 28 July, 1605. Its administrative capital is the town of Kendal, Kendal, Kendal, which is also known as the City of Santri because there are thousands of ''Ponpes'', especially in Kaliwungu District and it is also known as the City of Arts and Culture. The regency covers an area of 1,002.23 km2 and had a population of 900,313 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 1,018,505 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,064,812, consisting of 536,543 (50.39%) males and 528,269 (49.61%) females.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Kendal Dalam Angka 2025'' (Kat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
