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Superflat
Superflat is a postmodern art movement, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by manga and anime. However, superflat doesn't have an explicit definition because Takashi Murakami does not want to limit the movement, but rather leave room for it to grow and evolve over time. Superflat is also the name of a 2000 art exhibition, curated by Murakami, that toured West Hollywood, Minneapolis and Seattle. Description "Superflat" is used by Murakami to refer to various flattened forms in Japanese graphic art, animation, pop culture and fine arts, as well as the "shallow emptiness of Japanese consumer culture." Superflat has been embraced by American artists, who have created a hybrid called " SoFlo Superflat". Murakami defines ''Superflat'' in broad terms, so the subject matter is very diverse. Some works explore the consumerism and sexual fetishism that is prevalent in post-war Japanese culture. This often includes lolicon art, which is parodied by works such as tho ...
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Takashi Murakami
is a Japanese contemporary artist. He works in fine arts media (such as painting and sculpture) as well as commercial (such as fashion, merchandise, and animation) and is known for blurring the line between high and low arts as well as co aesthetic characteristics of the Japanese artistic tradition and the nature of postwar Japanese culture and society, and is also used for Murakami's artistic style and other Japanese artists he has influenced. Murakami is the founder and President of Kaikai Kiki Co., Ltd., through which he manages several younger artists. He was the founder and organizer of the biannual art fair Geisai. Life and career Academic background and early career Murakami was born and raised in Tokyo, Japan. From early on, he was a fan of anime and manga (Japanese cartoons and comics respectively), and hoped to work in the animation industry. He attended Tokyo University of the Arts to acquire the drafting skills necessary to become an animator, but eventually ...
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SoFlo Superflat
SoFlo Superflat describes an art genre started in Miami in the 1990s. It is an urban pop art movement in South Florida that combines super bright colors and ultra flat images. The subject matters are very diverse. It is an outcrop of the Japanese Superflat movement, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami is a Japanese contemporary artist. He works in fine arts media (such as painting and sculpture) as well as commercial (such as fashion, merchandise, and animation) and is known for blurring the line between high and low arts as well as co ae .... Description These artists emphasize outlines and flat areas of color. What is important is the feeling of flatness. Many of the artists involved in SoFlo Superflat art believe that the culture in SoFlo is not three-dimensional; therefore, it can be better interpreted in very flat brightly colored two-dimensional images. SoFlo Superflat was born out of the compression of genres which is shown through the pop-inflected work of you ...
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Aya Takano
is a Japanese painter, Superflat artist, manga artist, and science fiction essayist. Aya Takano is represented by Kaikai Kiki, the artistic production studio created in 2001 by Takashi Murakami. Early life and influence Takano was born in Saitama, Japan. She spent her childhood reading her father's library, which consisted of many books on natural sciences and science fiction. Exotic animals and landforms combined with an urban city are common themes in her artwork, and are intended to show the juxtaposition between future and fantasy. Takano cited in a documentary made by the ''Galerie Emmanuel Perrotin'' that she was always fascinated by the unusual forms of nature and animal life, and desires to have such shapes represented in her work. Osamu Tezuka's science fiction was another early influence in Takano's life, and had a lasting impact on her dreamy perception of the world. She cites in the book ''Drop Dead Cute'' by Joan Vartanian that she really believed everything sh ...
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Chiho Aoshima
is a Japanese pop artist and member of Takashi Murakami's Kaikai Kiki Collective. Aoshima graduated from the Department of Economics, Hosei University, Tokyo. She held a residency at Art Pace, San Antonio, United States in 2006. Personal life Aoshima was unhappy while studying economics at Hosei University. In an interview with Saatchi Art Aoshima admitted that, "I was bored to death, even when I was hanging out with my friends. I was eager to create something but didn’t know what to create, every day time passed so slowly and I felt like I was going to die." She taught herself how to use Adobe Illustrator and began to fall in love with the medium. After participating in her first show, Murakami's ''Tokyo Girls Bravo, ''she began to work in Murakami’s factory. Aoshima’s work often involves surreal scenes and dreamscapes, often including ghosts, demons, nature and shōjo. Her work also features contrasting themes such as nature and civilization, creation and destruction a ...
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Lolicon
In Japanese popular culture, is a genre of fictional media in which young (or young-looking) girl characters appear in romantic or sexual contexts. The term, a portmanteau of the English phrase " Lolita complex", also refers to desire and affection for such characters (, "loli"), and fans of such characters and works. Associated with unrealistic and stylized imagery within manga, anime, and video games, ''lolicon'' in '' otaku'' (manga/anime fan) culture is understood as distinct from desires for realistic depictions of girls, or real girls as such, and is associated with the concept of '' moe'', or feelings of affection and love for fictional characters as such (often cute characters in manga and anime). The phrase "Lolita complex", derived from the novel '' Lolita'', entered use in Japan in the 1970s, when sexual imagery of the ''shōjo'' (idealized young girl) was expanding in the country's media. During the "''lolicon'' boom" in adult manga of the early 1980s, the ter ...
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Art Movement
An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde movement. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality ( figurative art). By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new style which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy ( abstract art). Concept According to theories associated with modernism and the concept of postmodernism, ''art movements'' are especially important during the period of time corresponding to modern art. The p ...
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Postmodern Art
Postmodern art is a body of art movements that sought to contradict some aspects of modernism or some aspects that emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as intermedia, installation art, conceptual art and multimedia, particularly involving video are described as Postmodernism, postmodern. There are several characteristics which lend art to being postmodern; these include bricolage, the use of text prominently as the central artistic element, collage, abstract art, simplification, appropriation art, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine arts, fine and high culture, high arts and low culture, low art and popular culture. Use of the term The predominant term for art produced since the 1950s is "contemporary art". Not all art labeled as contemporary art is postmodern, and the broader term encompasses both artists who continue to work in modernist ...
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Henmaru Machino
Henmaru Machino (町野 変丸 ''Machino Henmaru'', sometimes given as 'Hanmaru', born 1969, Aomori Prefecture) is a Japanese artist, described as the Magritte of the eromanga world, whose works prominently feature themes of bestiality, dysmorphia, hermaphrodism, and body transformation, as well as dozens of other sexual paraphilia. Most of his work has emerged within a paradigm of hentai manga and images, but some has appeared in galleries; several of his pieces were part of Takashi Murakami's traveling ''Superflat'' exhibition. Machino started his career through submitting illustration work to the hentai magazine ''Manga Hot Milk''. While Machino's work defies any easy categorization, it could be said to fall within the Japanese EroGuro (Erotic Grotesque) school, still somewhat loosely defined, which dates back to Dada-influenced, Showa-era Decadence. Some assert that it is pornography of the most extreme variety, and nothing more. While porn-or-art debates have been occurr ...
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Kōji Morimoto
is a Japanese anime director. Some of his works include being an animator in the '' Akira'' film; shorts in '' Robot Carnival'', ''Short Peace'', and '' The Animatrix''; and key animation in anime such as '' Kiki's Delivery Service'', '' City Hunter'', and ''Fist of the North Star''. He is the co-founder of Studio 4°C. He has hosted the independent creative team 'phy' since 2009. Biography Born in Wakayama, Japan, he graduated from the Osaka Designers' college in 1979 and a couple of years later joined the studio Annapuru as an animator for the TV series ''Tomorrow's Joe''. While working there, he saw some animation by Takashi Nakamura in '' Gold Lightan'', an otherwise standard mecha TV series by a rival studio. He was impressed, and it inspired him to quit his job and become a freelance animator. Morimoto often collaborated with Nakamura, most notably in Katsuhiro Otomo’s "The Order to Stop Construction" segment of the anthology film '' Neo-Tokyo''. This opened many d ...
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Hitoshi Tomizawa
is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his sci-fi series ''Alien Nine.'' Career Tomizawa worked as an assistant to '' Baki the Grappler'' author Keisuke Itagaki, before publishing his first work as a professional manga artist with the series ''Uchū Jūbe'' in the magazine ''Shōnen Champion''. Style and themes His manga tend to be short, with sci-fi stories involving children and insects. His art was fairly standard shōnen manga style for his first series, but starting with ''Alien 9'' it became very distinctive, but with very large eyes and unnatural proportions, and has since been featured in exhibitions including Takashi Murakami's superflat.''Superflat''
by Hunter Drohojowska-Philp, at Artnet


Wor ...
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Alien Nine
is a Japanese manga series by Hitoshi Tomizawa, which was later adapted into an original video animation (OVA) series by J.C.Staff. The manga was serialized in Akita Shoten's ''Young Champion'' magazine, spanning 3 volumes. In 2003, Tomizawa released a 1-volume sequel to the series called ''Alien 9 Emulators''. In 2015, Tomizawa also released a sequel doujinshi to ''Alien 9'' and ''Alien 9 Emulators'' called ''Alien 9 Next''. Both the manga and anime are noted for their moe art style contrasting the realistic art style seen in most ''seinen'' series at the time and heavy violence despite the young main characters, '' Pokémon''-like monster designs, and initial appearances of a slice-of-life-esque series. The English adaptation of the series was first licensed by Central Park Media, and has played on Comcast's Anime Selects. Central Park Media released the title under their "US Manga Corps" line, on a single DVD, and later re-released the DVD in a box set with all three ...
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Milk Closet
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. Immune factors and immune-modulating components in milk contribute to milk immunity. Early-lactation milk, which is called colostrum, contains antibodies that strengthen the immune system, and thus reduces the risk of many diseases. Milk contains many nutrients, including protein and lactose. As an agricultural product, dairy milk is collected from farm animals. In 2011, dairy farms produced around of milk from 260 million dairy cows. India is the world's largest producer of milk and the leading exporter of skimmed milk powder, but it exports few other milk products. Because there is an ever-increasing demand for dairy products within India, it could eventually become a net importer of dairy products. New Zealand, Germany and the Netherlands are the largest exporters ...
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