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Servizio Informazioni Militari
The Italian Military Information Service ( it, Servizio Informazioni Militare, or SIM) was the military intelligence organization for the Royal Army (''Regio Esercito'') of the Kingdom of Italy (''Regno d'Italia'') from 1925 until 1946, and of the Italian Republic until 1949. The SIM was Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini's equivalent to the German Abwehr. Rommel’s successful military operations in North Africa in 1942 were substantially facilitated by the SIM through the securing of the U.S. Black Code used by Colonel Bonner Fellers to communicate plans for British military operations to his Headquarters in Washington. SIM had a large, well-organized cryptologic group, Section 5 (''Sezione 5''). Section 5 produced codes and ciphers for the Royal Army and higher level enciphered codes for the Italian Royal Navy. History The Servizio Informazioni Militari was instituted in October 1925 under the Fascist regime. The SIM had its headquarters at Forte Braschi, in the Quarter Q. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions. This aim is achieved by providing an assessment of data from a range of sources, directed towards the commanders' mission requirements or responding to questions as part of operational or campaign planning. To provide an analysis, the commander's information requirements are first identified, which are then incorporated into intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination. Areas of study may include the operational environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations, and other broader areas of interest. Intelligence activities are conducted at all levels, from tactical to strategic, in peacetime, the period of transition to war, and during a war itself. Most governments maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonner Fellers
Brigadier General Bonner Frank Fellers (February 7, 1896 – October 7, 1973) was a United States Army officer who served during World War II as a military attaché and director of psychological warfare. He is notable as the military attaché in Egypt whose extensive transmissions of detailed British tactical information were unknowingly intercepted by Axis agents and passed to Nazi German ''Generalfeldmarschall'' Erwin Rommel for over six months, which contributed to disastrous British defeats at Gazala and Tobruk in June 1942. Early military career Fellers entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in June 1916, ten months before the American entry into World War I. The increased need for junior officers during World War I caused Fellers's class to be accelerated and to graduate on November 1, 1918, ten days before the armistice with the German ''Reich'' which ended the war. Upon his graduation, Fellers was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nello Rosselli
Sabatino Enrico 'Nello' Rosselli (Rome, 29 November 1900 – Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, 9 June 1937) was an Italian Socialist leader and historian. Biography Rosselli was born in Rome to a prominent Jewish family. His parents were Giuseppe Emanuele "Joe" Rosselli (1867 - 1911) and Amelia Pincherle (1870 - 1954), who was the paternal aunt to writer Alberto Moravia. Nello was the youngest of three sons, the others being Aldo Sabatino (1895 - 1916), died in World War I and Carlo Alberto (1899–1937). Nello was a member of the reformist Unitary Socialist Party of Filippo Turati, Giacomo Matteotti and Claudio Treves, which had split from the PSI. After the rise of Fascism, he fled to France with his brother, and became active there in anti-Fascist and socialist politics, helping to found the group Giustizia e Libertà and aiding the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War, as well as carrying out propaganda missions within Italy. Murder In June 1937, Nello went to visit his brother, C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlo Rosselli
Carlo Alberto Rosselli ( Rome, 16 November 1899 Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, 9 June 1937) was an Italian political leader, journalist, historian, philosopher and anti-fascist activist, first in Italy and then abroad. He developed a theory of reformist, non- Marxist socialism inspired by the British Labour movement that he described as " liberal socialism". Rosselli founded the anti-fascist militant movement '' Giustizia e Libertà''. Rosselli personally took part in combat in the Spanish Civil War, where he served on the Republican side.Spencer Di Scala (1996). ''Italian socialism: between politics and history''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 87. Life Birth, war and studies Rosselli was born in Rome to a wealthy Tuscan Jewish family. His mother, Amelia Pincherle Rosselli, had been active in republican politics and thought and had participated in the unification of Italy. She was also a playwright and children's book author. In 1903 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-fascism
Anti-fascism is a political movement in opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during World War II, where the Axis powers were opposed by many countries forming the Allies of World War II and dozens of resistance movements worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as anarchism, communism, pacifism, republicanism, social democracy, socialism and syndicalism as well as centrist, conservative, liberal and nationalist viewpoints. Fascism, a far-right ultra-nationalistic ideology best known for its use by the Italian Fascists and the Nazis, became prominent beginning in the 1910s while organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Municipio XIV
Municipio XIV is an administrative subdivision of the city of Rome. It was first created by Rome's City Council on 19 January 2001 and it has a president who is elected during the mayoral elections. Originally called '' Municipio XIX'', since 11 March 2013 its borders were modified and its name was changed in ''Municipio XIV''. Subdivision Municipio XIV is divided into eight localities: Politics Current allocation of seats in the Municipio XIV's parliamentary body as of the 2013 Rome municipal election: * Democratic Party (PD) 13 * People of Freedom (PdL) 4 *Left Ecology Freedom 2 *Five Star Movement (M5S) 2 *Others 2 In June 2013 Valerio Barletta ( PD) was elected president. The current majority is formed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom Left Ecology Freedom ( it, Sinistra Ecologia Libertà, SEL) was a democratic socialist political party in Italy whose bulk was formed by former members of the Communist Refoundation Party. The party's leader was Nichi Vendol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trionfale
Trionfale is the 14th ''quartiere'' of Rome (Italy), identified by the initials Q. XIV. The toponym also indicates the urban zone 19E of Municipio XIV. History Trionfale is among the first 15 ''quartieri'' of the city, originally delimited in 1911 and officially established in 1921. It takes its name from the Via Trionfale. During the Middle Age the pilgrims coming from the Via Francigena used to travel along this road in order to get to Rome. The little church of San Lazzaro in Borgo, where pilgrims had to stop before entering the city walls, bears witness to this. Geography Boundaries To the north, the quarter borders with ''suburbio'' Della Vittoria (S. XI), from which it is separated by the stretch of Via Trionfale between Via della Pineta Sacchetti and Via Igea. To the west, Trionfale borders with ''quartiere'' Della Vittoria (Q. XV), whose border is delineated by the stretch of Via Trionfale between Via Igea and Viale delle Milizie, as well as with ''rione'' Pra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarters Of Rome
The Quarters of Rome (Italian: ''quartieri di Roma'') are the areas in and around the Italian city of Rome which became urbanised after the foundation of the last city-centre rione, Prati. They form the second level of administrative sub-divisions of Roma Capitale. Together they cover 171.38 km2 and hold 1483913 inhabitants. History The first 15 quarters were officially founded and numbered in 1926, after first being drafted in 1911. As of 1930 there were two more unofficial quarters: the quarter XVI, which was called Città Giardino Aniene in 1924; and the quarter XVII, that was named Savoia in 1926. These two were later officially renamed, the XVII becoming ''Trieste'' in 1946 and the XVI becoming ''Monte Sacro'' in 1951. Other quarters have been renamed: the quarter XV, previously called Milvio, became ''Della Vittoria'' in 1935, while the III, once known as Vittorio Emanuele III in honor of the King of Italy, was renamed ''Pinciano'' in 1946. In 1961, Delibera del Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forte Braschi (Rome)
Forte Braschi is one of the 15 forts of Rome, built in the period between 1877 and 1891 to constitute the "entrenched field of Rome". It is located in the Quarter Q. XIV Trionfale, within the Municipio XIV. History It was built starting from 1877 and completed in 1881, on a surface of along Via della Pineta Sacchetti. The area on which it was built belonged to Cardinal Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti, from which it takes its name. Since 1925, having ceased its strategic function, it has hosted the military Italian intelligence agencies, such as the ''Servizio Informazioni Militare'' (SIM). On 29 May 1931, the fort was the scene of the shooting of the anarchist Michele Schirru, convicted of planning an attempt on Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ....See D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Headquarters
Headquarters (commonly referred to as HQ) denotes the location where most, if not all, of the important functions of an organization are coordinated. In the United States, the corporate headquarters represents the entity at the center or the top of a corporation taking full responsibility for managing all business activities. In the United Kingdom, the term head office (or HO) is most commonly used for the headquarters of large corporations. The term is also used regarding military organizations. Corporate A headquarters is the entity at the top of a corporation that takes full responsibility for the overall success of the corporation, and ensures corporate governance. The corporate headquarters is a key element of a corporate structure and covers different corporate functions such as strategic planning, corporate communications, tax, legal, marketing, finance, human resources, information technology, and procurement. This entity includes the chief executive officer (C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascist Italy (1922–1943)
The Kingdom of Italy was governed by the National Fascist Party from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as prime minister. The Italian Fascists imposed authoritarian rule and crushed political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church. According to Payne (1996), " heFascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases". The first phase (1922–1925) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a "legally-organized executive dictatorship". The second phase (1925–1929) was "the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper". The third phase (1929–1934) was with less interventionism in foreign policy. The fourth phase (1935–1940) was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which was launched from Eritrea and Somaliland; confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Royal Navy
The ''Regia Marina'' (; ) was the navy of the Kingdom of Italy (''Regno d'Italia'') from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the birth of the Italian Republic (''Repubblica Italiana''), the ''Regia Marina'' changed its name to ''Marina Militare'' ("Military Navy"). Origins The ''Regia Marina'' was established on 17 March 1861 following the proclamation of the formation of the Kingdom of Italy. Just as the Kingdom was a unification of various states in the Italian peninsula, so the ''Regia Marina'' was formed from the navies of those states, though the main constituents were the navies of the former kingdoms of Sardinia and Naples. The new Navy inherited a substantial number of ships, both sail- and steam-powered, and the long naval traditions of its constituents, especially those of Sardinia and Naples, but also suffered from some major handicaps. Firstly, it suffered from a lack of uniformity and cohesion; the ''Regia Marina'' was a heterogeneous mix of equipment, standards and p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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