Secret Files Scandal

	Secret Files Scandal The ''Fichenaffäre'' or Secret files scandal shook public opinion in Switzerland in 1989. That year, it was revealed that the Swiss federal authorities, as well as the cantonal police forces, had put in place a system of mass surveillance of the population. The scandal Following allegations that within the Federal Department of Justice and Police (EJPD), the ''Bundespolizei'' (BUPO, now Swiss Federal Police) charged with domestic intelligence was secretly and illegally keeping secret files on both Swiss citizens and foreigners, a special parliamentary commission (PUK EJPD) was established. It gave its report in November 1989, demonstrating that the BUPO had kept more than 900,000 files in secret archives.The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland , Daniele Ganser, in '' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Fiche Max Frisch - CH-BAR - 5294964 Fiche may refer to: * Fiche (film), short for microfiche, a flat film containing micro-images. * Fiche (cards), a rectangular counter used in French and Danish card games. * Fiche, Ethiopia Fiche is a town in central Ethiopia. It is the administrative centre of the Kaba Shewa Zone of Oromia and separate District. It is located about three km from the main Addis Ababa- Debre Marqos road, Fiche has a latitude and longitude of and ... , a town in Ethiopia. {{dab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, the organization implemented the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949. NATO is a collective security system: its independent member states agree to defend each other against attacks by third parties. During the Cold War, NATO operated as a check on the perceived threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance remained in place after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and has been involved in military operations in the Balkans, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. The organization's motto is '' animus in consulendo liber'' (Latin for "a mind unfettered in deliberation"). NATO's main headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium, while ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Surveillance Scandals Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, many activities, or information for the purpose of information gathering, influencing, managing or directing. This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment, such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), or interception of electronically transmitted information like Internet traffic. It can also include simple technical methods, such as human intelligence gathering and postal interception. Surveillance is used by citizens for protecting their neighborhoods. And by governments for intelligence gathering - including espionage, prevention of crime, the protection of a process, person, group or object, or the investigation of crime. It is also used by criminal organizations to plan and commit crimes, and by businesses to gather intelligence on criminals, their competitors, suppliers or customers. Religious organisations charged with detecting heresy and heterodoxy may also carry out surveillance. Auditors car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Political History Of Switzerland Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science. It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and nonviolent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising internal and external force, including w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Josef Lang Josef may refer to Josef (given name) Josef (surname) * ''Josef'' (film), a 2011 Croatian war film Musik Josef Musik Josef is a Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments. It was founded by Yukio Nakamura, and is the only company in Japan specializing in producing oboe The oboe ( ) is a type of double reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually ma ... , a Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments {{disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Member Of The Swiss National Council Member may refer to: * Military jury, referred to as "Members" in military jargon * Element (mathematics), an object that belongs to a mathematical set * In object-oriented programming, a member of a class Field (computer science), entries in a database Member variable, a variable that is associated with a specific object * Limb (anatomy), an appendage of the human or animal body ** Euphemism for penis * Structural component of a truss, connected by nodes * User (computing), a person making use of a computing service, especially on the Internet * Member (geology), a component of a geological formation * Member of parliament * The Members, a British punk rock band * Meronymy, a semantic relationship in linguistics * Church membership, belonging to a local Christian congregation, a Christian denomination and the universal Church * Member, a participant in a club or learned society A learned society (; also learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Mass Surveillance Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens. The surveillance is often carried out by local and federal governments or governmental organizations, such as organizations like the NSA, but it may also be carried out by corporations (either on behalf of governments or at their own initiative). Depending on each nation's laws and judicial systems, the legality of and the permission required to engage in mass surveillance varies. It is the single most indicative distinguishing trait of totalitarian regimes. It is also often distinguished from targeted surveillance. Mass surveillance has often been cited as necessary to fight terrorism, prevent crime and social unrest, protect national security, and control the population. At the same time, mass surveillance has equally often been criticized for violating privacy rights, limiting civil and political rights and freedoms, and being i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	European Court Of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the Convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Card Index Affair Card or The Card may refer to: * Various types of plastic cards: By type Magnetic stripe card Chip card * Digital card By function Payment card *Credit card Debit card EC-card Identity card European Health Insurance Card *Driver's license Playing card, a card used in games * Printed circuit board * Punched card, a piece of stiff paper that holds digital data represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. In communications * Postcard ** Greeting card, an illustrated piece of card stock featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment * \operatorname, in mathematical notation, a function that returns the cardinality of a set * Card, a tool for carding, the cleaning and aligning of fibers * Sports terms Card (sports), the lineup of the matches in an event Penalty card As a proper name People with the name * Card (surname) Companies * Cards Corp, a South Korean internet company Arts and entertainm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Le Courrier ''Le Courrier'' (literally "The Mail") is a Swiss French-language daily newspaper published in Geneva. Founded on 5 January 1868, it was originally supported by the Roman Catholic Church, but has been completely independent since 1996. Mainly focused on Geneva, the newspaper is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy. See also * List of newspapers in Switzerland The number of newspapers in Switzerland was 406 before World War I. It reduced to 257 in 1995. The country was ranked fifteenth for 2014 in the yearly Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders and 8th in 2020. List Below is a ... References External links lecourrier.ch(in French), the newspaper's official website 1868 establishments in Switzerland Newspapers published in Geneva Daily newspapers published in Switzerland French-language newspapers published in Switzerland Newspapers established in 1868 Christianity in Geneva [Baidu]
picture info	Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Union of South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944. After the National Party's white-only government established apartheid, a syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Alliance De Gauche An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called allies. Alliances form in many settings, including political alliances, military alliances, and business alliances. When the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, such associations may also be called allied powers, especially when discussing World War I or World War II. A formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, fighting alongside someone, is enough. According to this usage, allies become so not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war. When spelled with a capital "A", "Allies" usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (the Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Pow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]