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Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking (8January 194214March 2018) was an English theoretical physics, theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world. Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of physicians. In October 1959, at the age of 17, he began his university education at University College, Oxford, where he received a First Class Honours, first-class Honours degree, BA degree in physics. In October 1962, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where, in March 1966, he obtained his PhD in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology. In 1963, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually, over decades, pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford
Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest university in the English-speaking world; it has buildings in every style of Architecture of England, English architecture since late History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, science, and information technologies. Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Thames (locally known as the Isis) and River Cherwell, Cherwell. It had a population of in . It is north-west of London, south-east of Birmingham and north-east of Bristol. History The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the History of Anglo-Saxon England, Saxon period. The name � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hawking Energy
The Hawking energy or Hawking mass is one of the possible definitions of mass in general relativity. It is a measure of the bending of ingoing and outgoing rays of light that are orthogonal to a 2-sphere surrounding the region of space whose mass is to be defined. Definition Let (\mathcal^3, g_) be a 3-dimensional sub-manifold of a relativistic spacetime, and let \Sigma \subset \mathcal^3 be a closed 2-surface. Then the Hawking mass m_H(\Sigma) of \Sigma is defined to be :m_H(\Sigma) := \sqrt\left( 1 - \frac\int_\Sigma H^2 da \right), where H is the mean curvature of \Sigma. Properties In the Schwarzschild metric, the Hawking mass of any sphere S_r about the central mass is equal to the value m of the central mass. A result of Geroch implies that Hawking mass satisfies an important monotonicity condition. Namely, if \mathcal^3 has nonnegative scalar curvature, then the Hawking mass of \Sigma is non-decreasing as the surface \Sigma flows outward at a speed equal to the inv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dannie Heineman Prize For Mathematical Physics
Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics is an award given each year since 1959 jointly by the American Physical Society and American Institute of Physics. It is established by the Heineman Foundation in honour of Dannie Heineman. As of 2010, the prize consists of US$10,000 and a certificate citing the contributions made by the recipient plus travel expenses to attend the meeting at which the prize is bestowed. Past Recipients Source: American Physical Society *2025 Samson Shatashvili *2024 David C. Brydges *2023 Nikita Nekrasov *2022 Antti Kupiainen and Krzysztof Gawędzki *2021 Joel Lebowitz *2020 Svetlana Jitomirskaya *2019 T. Bill Sutherland, Francesco Calogero and Michel Gaudin *2018 Barry Simon *2017 Carl M. Bender *2016 Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa *2015 Pierre Ramond *2014 Gregory W. Moore *2013 Michio Jimbo and Tetsuji Miwa *2012 Giovanni Jona-Lasinio *2011 Herbert Spohn *2010 Michael Aizenman *2009 Carlo Becchi, Alain Rouet, Raymond Sto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxwell Medal And Prize
The Institute of Physics (IOP) awards numerous prizes to acknowledge contributions to physics research, education and applications. It also offers smaller specific subject-group prizes, such as for PhD thesis submissions. Bilateral awards * The Max Born Medal and Prize is awarded yearly by the German Physical Society and the Institute of Physics in memory of the German physicist Max Born. The prize recognizes "outstanding contributions to physics" and is awarded to physicists based in Germany and in the UK or Ireland in alternate years. * The Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize is awarded jointly by the French and British Physical Societies for distinguished work in any aspect of physics that is ongoing or has been carried out within the 10 years preceding the award. * The Harrie Massey Medal and Prize is awarded biennially jointly by the Institute of Physics and by The Australian Institute of Physics. * The Giuseppe Occhialini Medal and Prize is awarded to physicists in alternat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eddington Medal
The Eddington Medal is awarded by the Royal Astronomical Society for investigations of outstanding merit in theoretical astrophysics. It is named after Sir Arthur Eddington. First awarded in 1953, the frequency of the prize has varied over the years, at times being every one, two or three years. Since 2013 it has been awarded annually. Recipients See also * List of astronomy awards * List of physics awards A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of the list-maker, but ... * List of prizes named after people References External links Winners {{Royal Astronomical Society Physics awards Awards established in 1953 Awards of the Royal Astronomical Society 1953 establishments in the United Kingdom Astrophysics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adams Prize
The Adams Prize is a prize awarded each year by the Faculty of Mathematics at St John's College to a UK-based mathematician for distinguished research in mathematical sciences. The prize is named after the mathematician John Couch Adams and was endowed by members of St John's College and approved by the senate of the university in 1848, to commemorate Adams' role in the discovery of the planet Neptune. Originally open only to Cambridge graduates, the current stipulation is that the mathematician must reside in the UK and be under forty years of age. The Adams Prize is awarded in three parts: the first is paid directly to the candidate; another third is paid to the candidate's institution to fund research expenses; and the final third is paid on publication of a survey paper in the winner's field in a major mathematics journal. The prize has been awarded to many well-known mathematicians, including James Clerk Maxwell and Sir William Hodge. The first female recipient, in 2002, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucy Hawking
Catherine Lucy Hawking (born 2 November 1970) is an English journalist, novelist, educator, and philanthropist. She is the daughter of the Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking and writer Jane Hawking, Jane Wilde Hawking. She lives in London, and is a children's novelist and science educator. Early life and education Hawking was born on 2 November 1970 to scientist Stephen Hawking and author Jane Wilde Hawking. She has two brothers, Robert and Timothy Hawking, and was raised in Cambridge after a few years spent in Pasadena, California, as a child. She attended the Stephen Perse Foundation. As a young adult, she was a carer for her father as his health declined due to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neurone disease. Hawking studied French language, French and Russian language, Russian at the University of Oxford. During university, she spent time in Moscow to focus on her Russian studies. After completing her degree, she studied international journa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jane Hawking
Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones (born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married to Stephen Hawking for 30 years before divorcing. Early life and education Jane was born to George and Beryl Wilde (). She grew up in St Albans, Hertfordshire. She was raised in the Church of England and is an active Christian. She studied languages at the University of London's Westfield College. Jane and Stephen Hawking met through mutual college friends at a party in 1962. Hawking was diagnosed with motor neuron disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS) in 1963. Though aware of his consequent shortened life expectancy and limitations, the couple became engaged in 1964 and married in 1965 in their shared hometown of St Albans. They had three children: Robert, born in 1967, Lucy, born in 1970, and Timothy, born in 1979. After years of working on her doctoral thesis through Westfield College, Hawking received her PhD in medieval Spanish poetry in April 1981 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thorne–Hawking–Preskill Bet
The Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet was a public bet on the outcome of the black hole information paradox made in 1997 by physics theorists Kip Thorne and Stephen Hawking on the one side, and John Preskill on the other, according to the document they signed 6 February 1997, as shown in Hawking's 2001 book '' The Universe in a Nutshell''. Overview Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate, and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking radiation must be "new", and must not originate from inside the black hole event horizon. Since this contradicted the idea under quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the view of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hartle–Hawking State
The Hartle–Hawking state, also known as the no-boundary wave function is a proposal in theoretical physics concerning the state of the universe prior to the Planck epoch. It is named after James Hartle and Stephen Hawking. History According to the Hartle–Hawking proposal, the universe has no origin as we would understand it: before the Big Bang, which happened about 13.8 billion years ago, the universe was a singularity in both space and time. Hartle and Hawking suggest that if we could travel backwards in time towards the beginning of the universe, we would note that quite near what might have been the beginning, time gives way to space so that there is only space and no time. Technical explanation More precisely, the Hartle-Hawking state is a hypothetical vector in the Hilbert space of a theory of quantum gravity that describes the wave function of the universe. It is a functional of the metric tensor defined at a (''D'' − 1)-dimensional compact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gibbons–Hawking–York Boundary Term
In general relativity, the Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term is a term that needs to be added to the Einstein–Hilbert action when the underlying spacetime manifold has a boundary. The Einstein–Hilbert action is the basis for the most elementary variational principle from which the field equations of general relativity can be defined. However, the use of the Einstein–Hilbert action is appropriate only when the underlying spacetime manifold \mathcal is closed, i.e., a manifold which is both compact and without boundary. In the event that the manifold has a boundary \partial\mathcal, the action should be supplemented by a boundary term so that the variational principle is well-defined. The necessity of such a boundary term was first realised by James W. York and later refined in a minor way by Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking. For a manifold that is not closed, the appropriate action is :\mathcal_\mathrm + \mathcal_\mathrm = \frac \int_\mathcal \mathrm^4 x \, \sqrt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gibbons–Hawking Space
In mathematical physics, a Gibbons–Hawking space, named after Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking, is essentially a hyperkähler manifold with an extra U(1) symmetry. (In general, Gibbons–Hawking metrics are a subclass of hyperkähler metrics.) Gibbons–Hawking spaces, especially ambipolar ones, find an application in the study of black hole A black hole is a massive, compact astronomical object so dense that its gravity prevents anything from escaping, even light. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will form a black hole. Th ... microstate geometries. See also * Gibbons–Hawking effect References {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbons-Hawking space Structures on manifolds Complex manifolds Riemannian manifolds Algebraic geometry Stephen Hawking ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
