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Serratia Grimesii
''Serratia'' is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are typically 1–5 μm in length, do not produce spores, and can be found in water, soil, plants, and animals. Some members of this genus produce a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, and can be distinguished from other members of the order Enterobacterales by their unique production of three enzymes: DNase ( nucA), lipase, and gelatinase ( serralysin). ''Serratia'' was thought to be a harmless environmental bacteria until it was discovered that the most common species in the genus, ''S. marcescens'', is an opportunistic pathogen of many animals, including humans. In humans, ''S. marcescens'' is mostly associated with nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections, but can also cause urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. ''S. marcescens'' is frequently found in showers, toilet bowls, and around wet tiles as a pinkish to red bio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
XLD Agar
Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a wikt:selective, selective growth medium used in the isolation of ''Salmonella'' and ''Shigella'' species from clinical samples and from food. The agar was developed by Welton Taylor in 1965. It has a pH of approximately 7.4, leaving it with a bright pink or red appearance due to the indicator phenol red. Sugar Fermentation (biochemistry), fermentation lowers the pH and the phenol red indicator registers this by changing to yellow. Most gut bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', can ferment the sugar xylose to produce acid; ''Shigella'' colonies cannot do this and therefore remain red. After exhausting the xylose supply ''Salmonella'' colonies will decarboxylate lysine, increasing the pH once again to alkaline and mimicking the red ''Shigella'' colonies. Salmonellae metabolise thiosulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide, which leads to the formation of colonies with black centers and allows them to be differentiated from the similarly colour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serratia Symbiotica
''Serratia symbiotica'' is a species of bacteria that lives as a symbiont of aphids. In the aphid '' Cinara cedri'', it coexists with '' Buchnera aphidicola'', given the latter cannot produce tryptophan Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromat .... It is also known to habitate in '' Aphis fabae''. Together with other endosymbionts, it provides aphids protection against parasitoids. References Further reading *Genome analysis: External linksType strain of ''Serratia symbiotica'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Bacteria described in 2005 Enterobacterales {{gammaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipase
In biochemistry, lipase ( ) refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats. Some lipases display broad substrate scope including esters of cholesterol, phospholipids, and of lipid-soluble vitamins and sphingomyelinases; however, these are usually treated separately from "conventional" lipases. Unlike esterases, which function in water, lipases "are activated only when adsorbed to an oil–water interface". Lipases perform essential roles in digestion, transport and processing of dietary lipids in most, if not all, organisms. Structure and catalytic mechanism Classically, lipases catalyse the hydrolysis of triglycerides: \begin \text + \ce &\longrightarrow \text + \text \\[4pt] \text + \ce &\longrightarrow \text + \text \\[4pt] \text + \ce &\longrightarrow \text + \text \end Lipases are serine hydrolases, i.e. they function by transesterification generating an acyl serine intermediate. Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serratia Marcescens Nuclease
Serratia marcescens nuclease (, endonuclease (''Serratia marcescens''), barley nuclease, plant nuclease I, nucleate endonuclease) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : Endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphomononucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products Hydrolyses double- or single-stranded substrate DNA or RNA. It is a representative of the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family. It is commercially available. Characteristics ''Serratia'' nuclease was first purified from its native source in 1969. It was cloned in 1987 and shown to consist of a 266 protein precursor, which is further cleaved and secreted as a 245 amino acid active nuclease. Its active form in solution is a homodimer. It has two disulfide bonds, the first between cysteine 30 & 34 and the second between cysteine 222 & 264. Reduction of these disulfides or site directed mutagenesis of their residues to serine, specifically the first one, leads to a large loss in nuclea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNase
Deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) refers to a group of glycoprotein endonucleases which are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading DNA. The role of the DNase enzyme in cells includes breaking down extracellular DNA (ecDNA) excreted by apoptosis, necrosis, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) of cells to help reduce inflammatory responses that otherwise are elicited. A wide variety of deoxyribonucleases are known and fall into one of two families ( DNase I or DNase II), which differ in their substrate specificities, chemical mechanisms, and biological functions. Laboratory applications of DNase include purifying proteins when extracted from prokaryotic organisms. Additionally, DNase has been applied as a treatment for diseases that are caused by ecDNA in the blood plasma. Assays of DNase are emerging in the research field as well. Types The two main types of DNase found in animals are known as deox ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prodigiosin
Prodigiosin is a red dye produced by many strains of the bacterium ''Serratia marcescens'', as well as other Gram-negative, gamma proteobacteria such as ''Vibrio psychroerythrus'' and ''Hahella chejuensis''. It is responsible for the pink tint occasionally found in grime that accumulates on porcelain surfaces such as bathtubs, sinks, tiles and toilet bowls. It is in the prodiginine family of compounds which are produced in some Gram-negative gamma proteobacteria, as well as select Gram-positive Actinobacteria (e.g. ''Streptomyces coelicolor''). The name ''prodigiosin'' is derived from ''wikt:prodigious, prodigious'' (''i.e.'' something marvelous). Secondary metabolite Prodigiosin is a secondary metabolite of ''Serratia marcescens''. Because it is easy to detect, it has been used as a model system to study secondary metabolism. Prodigiosin production has long been known to be enhanced by phosphate limitation. In low phosphate conditions, pigmented strains have been shown to gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pigment
A pigment is a powder used to add or alter color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly solubility, insoluble and reactivity (chemistry), chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compound, inorganic. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre, charcoal, and lapis lazuli. Economic impact In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic chemistry, inorganic, organic chemistry, organic, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $300 million each yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of Family (taxonomy), family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al. Enterobacteriaceae includes, along with many harmless Symbiosis, symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogenic bacteria, pathogens, such as ''Salmonella'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Klebsiella'', and ''Shigella''. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include ''Enterobacter'' and ''Citrobacter''. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae can be Bacterial taxonomy#Nomenclature, trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria", as several members live in the intestines of animals. In fact, the etymol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, Hot spring, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the nitrogen fixation, fixation of nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of cadaver, dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillus
''Bacillus'', from Latin "bacillus", meaning "little staff, wand", is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum ''Bacillota'', with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural ''Bacilli'' is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. ''Bacillus'' species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured ''Bacillus'' species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present. ''Bacillus'' can reduce themselves to oval endospores and can remain in this dormant state for years. The endospore of one species from Morocco is reported to have survived being heated to 420 °C. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients: the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. They are not true spores (i.e. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Facultative Anaerobic Organism
A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent. Some examples of facultatively anaerobic bacteria are '' Staphylococcus'' spp., ''Escherichia coli'', ''Salmonella'', '' Listeria'' spp., '' Shewanella oneidensis'' and '' Yersinia pestis''. Certain eukaryotes are also facultative anaerobes, including pupfish, fungi such as ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' and many aquatic invertebrates such as nereid polychaetes. It has been observed that in mutants of '' Salmonella typhimurium'' that underwent mutations to be either obligate aerobes or anaerobes, there were varying levels of chromatin-remodeling proteins. The obligate aerobes were later found to have a defective DNA gyrase subunit A gene ('' gyrA''), while obligate anaerobes were defective in topoisomerase I (''topI''). This indicates that topoisomerase I and its associated relaxation of chromosomal DNA is r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner ( cytoplasmic) membrane and an outer membrane. These bacteria are found in all environments that support life on Earth. Within this category, notable species include the model organism '' Escherichia coli'', along with various pathogenic bacteria, such as '' Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', '' Chlamydia trachomatis'', and '' Yersinia pestis''. They pose significant challenges in the medical field due to their outer membrane, which acts as a protective barrier against numerous antibiotics (including penicillin), detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme produced by animals as part of their innate immune system. Furthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
