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Sekhukhune
Sekhukhune I (Matsebe; circa 1814 – 13 August 1882) was the paramount King of the Marota, more commonly known as the Bapedi (Pedi people), from 21 September 1861 until his assassination on 13 August 1882 by his rival and half-brother, Mampuru II. As the Pedi paramount leader he was faced with political challenges from Voortrekkers (Boer settlers), the independent South African Republic (Dutch: ''Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek''), the British Empire, and considerable social change caused by Christian missionaries. Following the death of his father, King Sekwati, on 20 September 1861, Sekhukhune successfully defended his right to the throne against his half-brother Mampuru II and heir apparent with the support of his Matuba regiment. Despite his victory, Sekhukhune adhered to the serota tradition and allowed Mampuru to peacefully leave the Bapedi territory. His other known siblings were Legolwana, Kgalema Johannes Dinkwanyane, and Kgoloko. Sekhukhune married Legoadi IV in 1862, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sekhukhune And Family
Sekhukhune I (Matsebe; circa 1814 – 13 August 1882) was the paramount King of the Pedi people, Marota, more commonly known as the Bapedi (Pedi people), from 21 September 1861 until his assassination on 13 August 1882 by his rival and half-brother, Mampuru II. As the Pedi paramount leader he was faced with political challenges from Voortrekkers (Boer settlers), the independent South African Republic (Dutch: ''Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek''), the British Empire, and considerable social change caused by Christian Missionaries, Christian missionaries. Following the death of his father, Sekwati, King Sekwati, on 20 September 1861, Sekhukhune successfully defended his right to the throne against his half-brother Mampuru II and heir apparent with the support of his Matuba regiment. Despite his victory, Sekhukhune adhered to the serota tradition and allowed Mampuru to peacefully leave the Pedi people, Bapedi territory. His other known siblings were Legolwana, Kgalema Johannes Dinkwanyane, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedi People
The Pedi or - also known as the Northern Sotho, Basotho ba Lebowa, bakgatla ba dithebe, Transvaal Sotho, Marota, or Dikgoshi - are a Sotho-Tswana ethnic group native to South Africa, Botswana, and Lesotho that speak Pedi or ''Sepedi,'' which is one of the 12 official languages in South Africa. They are primarily situated in Limpopo, Gauteng and northern Mpumalanga. The Pedi people are part of the Bantu ethnic group. Their common ancestors, along with the Sotho and Tswana, migrated from East Africa to South Africa no later than the 7th century CE. Over time, they emerged as a distinct people between the 15th and 18th centuries, with some settling in the northern region of the Transvaal. The Pedi maintained close ties with their relatives and neighboring tribes. Towards the end of the 18th century, the primary Pedi state was established, led by supreme leaders from the Maroteng clan. In the early 19th century, the Pedi state faced significant challenges from the Nguni, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mampuru II
Mampuru II (1824 – 22 November 1883) was a king of the Pedi people in southern Africa. Sekwati died in 1861 and his son, Sekhukhune claimed the throne. Sekhukhune ruled until 1879 when a British-Swazi invasion deposed him and installed Mampuru as king. Mampuru ordered the assassination of Sekhukhune in 1882 for which he was arrested and hanged by the Boer South African Republic the following year. Mampuru is regarded as an early liberation movement icon in South Africa and the prison where he was executed has been renamed in his honour. Early life Sekwati died in 1861, but this resulted in a succession crisis. It was traditional for Pedi rulers to take a ''timamollo'' ("candle wife" or "great wife") in addition to their usual wife. The children of the candlewife would be those who succeeded to the throne, ahead of the other descendants. Mampuru was the child of the candlewife of Sekwati's elder brother (Maripane Thobejane), Malekutu, and Sekwati had afterwards married his mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sekhukhune II
Sekhukhune II was the paramount King of the Bapedi and the grandson of Sekhukhune I. He reigned during the Second Anglo-Boer War. Sekhukhune's reign marked the final collapse of the Bapedi resistance against the occupation of their land by the South African Republic and the British Empire. Sekhukhune II's heir, Thulare II, predeceased him, and Kgobalale was appointed regent instead of his elder brother Seraki. It was the Pedi nation at large that turned down the appointment of Seraki due to his unruly behavior. They believed that if Kgobalale should have a problem, he could notify his brother Seraki, as he was trusted to do when it came to war. See also * Sekwati * Mampuru II * Sekhukhune I * Pedi people The Pedi or - also known as the Northern Sotho, Basotho ba Lebowa, bakgatla ba dithebe, Transvaal Sotho, Marota, or Dikgoshi - are a Sotho-Tswana ethnic group native to South Africa, Botswana, and Lesotho that speak Pedi or ''Sepedi,'' whi ... References {{refli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sekwati
Sekwati (c. 1824–20 September 1861) was a 19th-century paramount King of the Maroteng, more commonly known as the Bapedi people. His reign focused on rebuilding the Marota Kingdom at the conclusion of the Mfecane and maintaining peaceful relations with the Boer Voortrekkers and neighboring chiefdoms in the north-eastern Transvaal. He was the father of rivals Sekhukhune I who took over the Marota/Pedi paramountcy by force, and Mampuru II, his rightful successor. By the death of his father Thulare I in 1824, the Marota or Pedi Kingdom was in a state of despair due to the turbulence caused by the Mfecane ("the crushing") or Difeqane ("the scattering") and encroaching white settlers (Boers) into the Transvaal. Sekwati came into power after the deaths of his older brothers (Malekutu, Matsebe and Phetedi) who were killed during raids by Mzilikazi's Matabele. To rebuild the empire, he moved his capital from Phiring to Thaba Mosego. Rise of King Sekwati The Campaigns against th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South African Republic
The South African Republic (, abbreviated ZAR; ), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer republics, Boer republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the British Empire as a result of the Second Boer War. The ZAR was established as a result of the 1852 Sand River Convention, in which the Government of the United Kingdom, British government agreed to formally recognise independence of the Boers living north of the Vaal River. Relations between the ZAR and Britain started to deteriorate after the British Cape Colony expanded into the Southern African interior, eventually leading to the outbreak of the First Boer War between the two nations. The Boer victory confirmed the ZAR's independence; however, Anglo-ZAR tensions soon flared up again over various diplomatic issues. In 1899, war again broke out between Britain and the ZAR, which was swiftly occupied by British forces. Many Boer combatants in the ZAR Bittereinder, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas François Burgers
Thomas François Burgers (15 April 1834 – 9 December 1881) was a South African politician and minister who served as the 4th president of the South African Republic from 1872 to 1877. He was the youngest child of Barend and Elizabeth Burger of the farm Langefontein in the Camdeboo district of Graaff Reinet, Cape Colony. Biography After studying theology at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, Burgers became the parson of Hanover, South Africa, in 1859. A charmingly eloquent, but fiercely individualistic man, he had been influenced by Professor C. W. Opzoomer in the Netherlands and embraced his rationalist, liberal ideas. Burgers quickly became involved in a stormy controversy with the Dutch Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed synod over his alleged liberalism and disbelief in the literal truth of the Bible. He was critical of traditional culture and strongly emphasised knowledge and rationalism. In 1862, his unorthodox doctrine brought on him an accusation of heresy, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johannes Dinkwanyane
Johannes Dinkwanyane (died 1876) was a member of the Pedi royal family, who was a leading early convert to Christianity. He was the half-brother of the Pedi king Sekhukhune. Initially opposed by his brother as ruler, Dinkwanyane converted to Lutheran Christianity in 1864 under the guidance of the Berlin Missionary Society and its missionaries Alexander Merensky and Albert Nachtigal. He resided for some time at the Botshabelo mission station, but later left due to cultural disputes with the mission staff, principally because of frustrations over the lack of authority given to Africans in the mission and the manner in which Christian converts were expected to abandon their indigenous culture and religious practices. Johannes Dinkwanyane died of wounds after battle with Swazi and Afrikaners Afrikaners () are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch people, Dutch Settler colonialism, settlers who first arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in Free Burghers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Merensky
Alexander Merensky (8 June 1837 in Panten near Liegnitz – 22 May 1918 in Berlin) was a German missionary, working in South Africa (Transvaal) from 1859 to 1892. Early life Alexander's mother, Pauline von Kessel, died during his birth, and his father, Conrad Albert Friedrich, seven years later, in 1844. He was therefore orphaned early in life and grew up in the well-known Schindler orphanage and among relatives. Encouraged by the well-known Rev. Gustav Knak, he entered the mission seminary of the Berlin Missionary Society in 1855 and was sent out on 23 November 1858. Together with a fellow missionary, Karl-Heinrich Theodor Grützner, he travelled by sailboat from Amsterdam to Cape Town and on to Natal. Mission stations On 14 August 1860, he and fellow missionary Heinrich Grützner co-founded the mission station Gerlachshoop, the first mission station of the Berlin Missionary Society north of the Vaal River. Merensky was ordained as missionary in Gerlachshoop on 11 Janu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Crime
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings (including genocide or ethnic cleansing), the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military, and flouting the legal Indiscriminate attack, distinctions of Proportionality (law), proportionality and military necessity. The formal concept of war crimes emerged from the codification of the customary international law that applied to warfare between sovereign states, such as the Lieber Code (1863) of the Union Army in the American Civil War and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 for int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mercenary
A mercenary is a private individual who joins an armed conflict for personal profit, is otherwise an outsider to the conflict, and is not a member of any other official military. Mercenaries fight for money or other forms of payment rather than for political interests. Beginning in the 20th century, mercenaries have increasingly come to be seen as less entitled to protection by rules of war than non-mercenaries. The Geneva Conventions declare that mercenaries are not recognized as legitimate combatants and do not have to be granted the same legal protections as captured service personnel of the armed forces. In practice, whether or not a person is a mercenary may be a matter of degree, as financial and political interests may overlap. International and national laws of war Protocol Additional GC 1977 (APGC77) is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions. Article 47 of the protocol provides the most widely accepted international definition of a mercenary, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Barkly
Sir Henry Barkly (24 February 1815 – 20 October 1898) was a British politician, colonial governor and patron of the sciences. Early life and education Born on 24 February 1815 at Highbury, Middlesex (now London), he was the eldest son of Susannah Louisa (born ffrith) and Æneas Barkly, a Scottish born West India merchant. He was educated at Bruce Castle School in Tottenham, where the school's particular curriculum endowed him with a lifetime interest in science and statistics. Upon completing his schooling and studies in commerce, Barkly worked for his father. The Barkly family had several connections with the West Indies: Barkly's mother, Susannah Louisa, whose maiden name was ffrith, was the daughter of a Jamaica planter; his father's company was concerned with trade in the West Indies; and the family owned an estate in British Guiana. According to the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database Barkly's father was compensated £132,000 from the Imperial Parliament fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
