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Scaling Behaviour
Scaling may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and physics * Scaling (geometry), a linear transformation that enlarges or diminishes objects * Scale invariance, a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables are multiplied by a common factor ** Scaling law, a law that describes the scale invariance found in many natural phenomena * The scaling of critical exponents in physics, such as Widom scaling, or scaling of the renormalization group Computing and information technology * Feature scaling, a method used to standardize the range of independent variables or features of data * Image scaling, the resizing of an image * Multidimensional scaling, a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset * Scalability, a computer or network's ability to function as the amount of data or number of users increases * 2.5D#Scaling along the Z axis, Scaling along the Z axis, a technique used in computer grap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaling (geometry)
In affine geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a '' scale factor'' that is the same in all directions ( isotropically). The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. Uniform scaling happens, for example, when enlarging or reducing a photograph, or when creating a scale model of a building, car, airplane, etc. More general is scaling with a separate scale factor for each axis direction. Non-uniform scaling (anisotropic scaling) is obtained when at least one of the scaling factors is different from the others; a special case is directional scaling or stretching (in one direction). Non-uniform scaling changes the shape of the object; e.g. a square may change into a rectangle, or into a parallelogram if the sides of the square are not parallel to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fouling
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling materials can consist of either living organisms (biofouling, organic) or a non-living substance (inorganic). Fouling is usually distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system, or plant performing a defined and useful function and that the fouling process impedes or interferes with this function. Other terms used in the literature to describe fouling include deposit formation, encrustation, crudding, deposition, scaling, scale formation, slagging, and sludge formation. The last six terms have a more narrow meaning than fouling within the scope of the fouling science and technology, and they also have meanings outside of this scope; therefore, they should be used with caution. Fouling phenomena are common and diverse, ranging from fouling of ship hulls, natural surfaces in the marine environment (fouling community, marine fouling), fouling ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scale (other)
Scale or scales may refer to: Mathematics * Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points * Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original * Scale factor, a number which scales, or multiplies, some quantity * Long and short scales, how powers of ten are named and grouped in large numbers * Scale parameter, a description of the spread or dispersion of a probability distribution * Feature scaling, a method used to normalize the range of independent variables or features of data * Scale (analytical tool) Measurements * Scale (map), the ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding actual distance * Scale (geography) * Weighing scale, an instrument used to measure mass * Scale (ratio), the ratio of the linear dimension of the model to the same dimension of the original * Spatial scale, a classification of sizes * Scale ruler, a tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fish Scale
A fish scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of the skin of a fish. The skin of most jawed fishes is covered with these protective scales, which can also provide effective camouflage through the use of reflection and colouration, as well as possible hydrodynamic advantages. The term ''scale'' derives from the Old French , meaning a shell pod or husk. Scales vary enormously in size, shape, structure, and extent, ranging from strong and rigid armour plates in fishes such as shrimpfishes and boxfishes, to microscopic or absent in fishes such as eels and anglerfishes. The morphology (biology), morphology of a scale can be used to identify the species of fish it came from. Scales originated within the jawless ostracoderms, ancestors to all jawed fishes today. Most bony fishes are covered with the cycloid scales of salmon and carp, or the ctenoid scales of perch, or the ganoid scales of sturgeons and gars. Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) are covered with placoi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Card Throwing
Card throwing is the art of throwing standard playing cards with great accuracy or force. It is performed both as part of stage magic shows and as a competitive physical feat among magicians, with official records existing for longest distance thrown, fastest speed, highest throw, greatest accuracy, and the greatest number of cards in one minute. History First popularized in the West among stage magicians during the 1800s, the art of throwing cards is called ''scaling''. Techniques used among performers today are attributed to stage magicians in the late 19th century. The exact origins of "flying card" tricks are unknown, but Alexander Herrmann is widely attributed with first including card throwing in a major act. He would use custom-made cards, sign them, and then throw them into the audience as potential souvenirs. The magician Howard Thurston also used card throwing as a major part of his act. The cards that they used, however, were heavier than those commonly used tod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climbing
Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or other parts of the body to ascend a steep topographical object that can range from the world's tallest mountains (e.g. the eight thousanders) to small boulders. Climbing is done for locomotion, sporting recreation, for competition, and is also done in trades that rely on ascension, such as construction and military operations. Climbing is done indoors and outdoors, on natural surfaces (e.g. rock climbing and ice climbing), and on artificial surfaces (e.g. climbing walls and climbing gyms). The sport of climbing evolved by climbers making first ascents of new types of climbing routes, using new climbing techniques, at ever-increasing grades of difficulty, with ever-improving pieces of climbing equipment. Guides and guidebooks were an important element in developing the popularity of the sport in the natural environment. Early pioneers included Walter Bonatti, Riccardo Cassin, Hermann Buhl, and Gaston Rébuffat, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaling, North Yorkshire
Scaling is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland and the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. The name of Scaling is first recorded in 1243 as ''Scalingis'', and it is thought to be derived from Old Norse meaning a shieling, or pastureland. Although not specifically mentioned, John Christopher Atkinson theorised that Scaling was one of the unknown settlements mentioned as part of the parish of Hinderwell in the Domesday Book Domesday Book ( ; the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of William the Conqueror. The manuscript was originally known by .... Most of the village lies within the unitary authority of Redcar and Cleveland, and the civil parish of Loftus, however, the eastern side of the settlement is in North Yorkshire and the civil parish of Roxby. Population statistics are included within the 2011 census report for Loftus. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaling Of Innovations
Scaling of innovations is an industrial and social process that leads to widespread use of an innovation. The potential of a production system to undergo this process is called its "scalability". Scaling is regarded the last step after the discovery, proof of concept and piloting of an innovation. In business it is often used as maximizing operational scale of the product. This technology, or project-focused scaling takes products and services as the point of departure and wants to see those to go scale. In the public sector, and for example in development aid, the desired impact is the point of departure and whatever leads to more impact is scaled (usually in the form of a range of innovations). However, some authors recognize that the public sector often uses the business way of scaling to reach impact, leading to disillusionment and doing more harm than good. Sometimes, scaling is seen as a process towards sustainable systems change at scale, where sustainability, systems chan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drilling And Blasting
Drilling and blasting is the controlled use of explosives and other methods, such as gas pressure blasting pyrotechnics, to break rock for excavation. It is practiced most often in mining, quarrying and civil engineering such as dam, tunnel or road construction. The result of rock blasting is often known as a rock cut. Drilling and blasting currently utilizes many different varieties of explosives with different compositions and performance properties. Higher velocity explosives are used for relatively hard rock in order to shatter and break the rock, while low velocity explosives are used in soft rocks to generate more gas pressure and a greater heaving effect. For instance, an early 20th-century blasting manual compared the effects of black powder to that of a wedge, and dynamite to that of a hammer. The most commonly used explosives in mining today are ANFO based blends due to lower cost than dynamite. Before the advent of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), drilling and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tooth Scaling
Scaling and root planing, also known as conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy or deep cleaning, is a procedure involving removal of dental plaque and calculus (scaling or debridement) and then smoothing, or planing, of the (exposed) surfaces of the roots, removing cementum or dentine that is impregnated with calculus, toxins, or microorganisms, the agents that cause inflammation. It is a part of non-surgical periodontal therapy. This helps to establish a periodontium that is in remission of periodontal disease. Periodontal scalers and periodontal curettes are some of the tools involved. A regular, non-deep teeth cleaning includes tooth scaling, tooth polishing, and debridement if too much tartar has accumulated, but does not include root planing. Plaque Plaque is a soft yellow-grayish substance that adheres to the tooth surfaces including removable and fixed restorations. It is an organised biofilm that is primarily composed of bacteria in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scale Invariance
In physics, mathematics and statistics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor, and thus represent a universality. The technical term for this transformation is a dilatation (also known as dilation). Dilatations can form part of a larger conformal symmetry. *In mathematics, scale invariance usually refers to an invariance of individual functions or curves. A closely related concept is self-similarity, where a function or curve is invariant under a discrete subset of the dilations. It is also possible for the probability distributions of random processes to display this kind of scale invariance or self-similarity. *In classical field theory, scale invariance most commonly applies to the invariance of a whole theory under dilatations. Such theories typically describe classical physical processes with no characteristic length scale. *In quantum field theory, scale inva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neural Scaling Law
In machine learning, a neural scaling law is an empirical scaling law that describes how Neural network (machine learning), neural network performance changes as key factors are scaled up or down. These factors typically include the number of parameters, Training, validation, and test data sets, training dataset size, and training cost. Introduction In general, a deep learning model can be characterized by four parameters: model size, training dataset size, training cost, and the post-training error rate (e.g., the test set error rate). Each of these variables can be defined as a real number, usually written as N, D, C, L (respectively: parameter count, dataset size, computing cost, and Loss function, loss). A neural scaling law is a theoretical or empirical Empirical statistical laws, statistical law between these parameters. There are also other parameters with other scaling laws. Size of the model In most cases, the model's size is simply the number of parameters. However, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
