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SAFE Investment Company
SAFE Investment Company Limited (SAFE Investment; ) is a Chinese sovereign wealth fund based in Hong Kong. It is a subsidiary of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) and manages one third of China's foreign exchange reserves. History SAFE established four offshore investment offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, London and New York known as the 'four golden flowers'. SAFE Investment was set up one month before the Handover of Hong Kong in July 1997 with a registered capital of HKD 100 million. It was set up to "support and promote the development of Hong Kong’s financial market"  as well as defend the value of the Renminbi and Hong Kong dollar's peg to the US dollar against international speculators. The name of SAFE Investment in Chinese signifies the wish for the nation's security. Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, SAFE Investment served largely as a minor outpost for Safe with only about $20 billion in assets under management (AUM). However S ...
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Sovereign Wealth Fund
A sovereign wealth fund (SWF), or sovereign investment fund, is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, Bond (finance), bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity funds or hedge funds. Sovereign wealth funds invest globally. Most SWFs are funded by revenues from commodity exports or from foreign exchange reserves held by the central bank. Some sovereign wealth funds may be held by a central bank, which accumulates the funds in the course of its management of a nation's banking system; this type of fund is usually of major economic and fiscal importance. Other sovereign wealth funds are simply the state savings that are invested by various entities for investment return, and that may not have a significant role in fiscal management. The accumulated funds may have their origin in, or may represent, foreign currency deposits, gold, special drawing rights (SDRs) and International Moneta ...
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Rio Tinto (corporation)
Rio Tinto Group is a British-Australian multinational company that is the world's second largest metals and mining corporation (behind BHP). It was founded in 1873 when a group of investors purchased a Rio Tinto Company Limited, mine complex on the Rio Tinto (river), Río Tinto, in Province of Huelva, Huelva, Spain, from the Spanish government. It has grown through a long series of mergers and acquisitions. Although primarily focused on extraction of minerals, it also has significant operations in refining, particularly the refining of bauxite and iron ore. It has joint head offices in London, England and Melbourne, Australia.Suburbs & Postcodes
" City of Melbourne. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
Rio Tinto is a dual-listed company traded on both the ...
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Government-owned Companies Of Hong Kong
State ownership, also called public ownership or government ownership, is the ownership of an Industry (economics), industry, asset, property, or Business, enterprise by the national government of a country or State (polity), state, or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or Private property, private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from Public good, public goods and government services financed out of a Government budget, government's general budget. Public ownership can take place at the Central government, national, regional government, regional, local government, local, or municipal levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private, Collective ownership, collective/cooperative, and common ownership. In marke ...
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Financial Services Companies Of Hong Kong
Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency, assets and liabilities. As a subject of study, is a field of Business Administration wich study the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of an organization's resources to achieve its goals. Based on the scope of financial activities in financial systems, the discipline can be divided into personal, corporate, and public finance. In these financial systems, assets are bought, sold, or traded as financial instruments, such as currencies, loans, bonds, shares, stocks, options, futures, etc. Assets can also be banked, invested, and insured to maximize value and minimize loss. In practice, risks are always present in any financial action and entities. Due to its wide scope, a broad range of subfields exists within finance. Asset-, money-, risk- and investment management aim to maximize value and minimize volatility. Financial analysis assesses the viability, stability, and ...
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Companies Of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is an autonomous territory of the People's Republic of China on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity. As world's 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency. Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality. For further information on the types of business entities in this region and their abbreviations, see " Business entities in Hong Kong". Notable firms This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the city. The industry and s ...
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Chinese Companies Established In 1997
Chinese may refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people identified with China, through nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **Han Chinese, East Asian ethnic group native to China. **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of various ethnicities in contemporary China ** Ethnic minorities in China, people of non-Han Chinese ethnicities in modern China ** Ethnic groups in Chinese history, people of various ethnicities in historical China ** Nationals of the People's Republic of China ** Nationals of the Republic of China ** Overseas Chinese, Chinese people residing outside the territories of mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan * Sinitic languages, the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family ** Chinese language, a group of related languages spoken predominantly in China, sharing a written script (Chinese characters in traditional and simplified forms) *** Standard Chines ...
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Pan Gongsheng
Pan Gongsheng (; born July 8, 1963) is a Chinese economist and politician who is the current Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary and governor of the People's Bank of China (PBC). He served as the Director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange from 2016 to 2023. At the PBC, he has worked on the monetary policy of China. Education Pan received his Ph.D. in economics from Renmin University of China. He did his post-doctoral research at Cambridge University and was a research fellow at Harvard University.http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english/130715/130839/index.html Career Commercial Banking Pan was Vice President of Agricultural Bank of China from 2008-2010. Prior to Agricultural Bank Pan worked at Industrial and Commercial Bank of China in a number of positions. People's Bank of China In 2012, Pan joined the People's Bank of China as Deputy Governor, and later assumed leadership of State Administration of Foreign Exchange, as its administrator. Pan leads Leading Group o ...
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People's Bank Of China
The People's Bank of China (officially PBC and unofficially PBOC) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for carrying out monetary policy as determined by the ''PRC People's Bank Law'' and the ''PRC Commercial Bank Law''. The PBC was established in 1948 as the bank serving areas of mainland China under Chinese Communist Party (CCP) control and became China's sole central bank after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. From 1969 to 1978, the PBC was demoted to a bureau of the Ministry of Finance. The PBC was extensively reformed during the 1990s, when its provincial and local branches were abolished, instead opening nine regional branches. In 2023, these reforms were reversed as when the regional branches were abolished and the provincial branches restored, and new arrangements essentially ended the PBC's longstanding role in financial supervision. The PBC is the 25th-ranked of 26 ministerial-level departments of the St ...
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Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of market decline in economies around the world that occurred from late 2007 to mid-2009.“US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions”
United States NBER, or National Bureau of Economic Research, updated March 14, 2023. This government agency dates the Great Recession as starting in December 2007 and bottoming-out in June 2009.
The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). At the time, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Recession include a combination of vulnerabilities that developed in the financial system ...
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Royal Bank Of Scotland
The Royal Bank of Scotland Public Limited Company () is a major retail banking, retail and commercial bank in Scotland. It is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of NatWest Group, together with NatWest and Ulster Bank. The Royal Bank of Scotland has around 700 branches, mainly in Scotland, though there are branches in many larger towns and cities throughout England and Wales. The bank is completely separate from the fellow Edinburgh-based bank, the Bank of Scotland, which pre-dates the Royal Bank by 32 years. The Royal Bank of Scotland was established to provide a bank with strong House of Hanover, Hanoverian and Whigs (British political party), Whig ties. Following ringfencing of the Group's core domestic business, the bank became a direct subsidiary of NatWest Holdings in 2019. NatWest Markets comprises the Group's investment banking arm. To give it legal form, the former RBS entity was renamed NatWest Markets in 2018; at the same time Adam and Company (which held a separa ...
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Tesco
Tesco plc () is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer headquartered in the United Kingdom at its head offices in Welwyn Garden City, England. The company was founded by Jack Cohen (businessman), Sir Jack Cohen in Hackney, London, in 1919. In 2011, it was the third-largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues and the Retail#Global top ten retailers, ninth-largest in the world measured by revenues. It is the market leader of groceries in the UK (where it has a market share of around 28.4%). As well as the United Kingdom, Tesco has stores in Czechia, Ireland, Slovakia, and Hungary. Since the 1960s, Tesco has Diversification (marketing strategy), diversified into areas such as the retailing of books, clothing, electronics, furniture, toys, petrol, software, financial services, telecommunications and internet services. In the 1990s, Tesco re-positioned itself from being a downmarket high-volume low-cost retailer, attempting to attract a ran ...
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