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Russian Conquest Of Central Asia
The partially successful conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. The land that became Russian Turkestan and later Soviet Central Asia is now divided between Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan across the center, Kyrgyzstan in the east, Tajikistan in the southeast, and Turkmenistan in the southwest. The area was called Turkestan because most of its inhabitants spoke Turkic languages with the exception of Tajikistan, which speaks an Iranian language. Outline In the eighteenth century the Russian Empire gained increasing control over the Kazakh Steppe. The Russian conquest of Central Asia took place over several decades. In 1839 Russia failed to conquer the Khanate of Khiva south of the Aral Sea. In 1847–53 the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the Syr Darya river. In 1847–64 they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Territorial Evolution Of Russia
The borders of Russia changed through military conquests and by ideological and political unions in the course of over five centuries (1533–present). Russian Tsardom and Empire The name ''Russia'' for the Grand Duchy of Moscow began to appear in the late 15th century, and became official in 1547 when the Tsardom of Russia was established. The Grand Duchy of Moscow was one of the successors in part of the territory of medieval Kievan Rus'. Another important starting point was the official end in 1480 of the overlordship of the Tatars, Tatar Golden Horde over Moscovy, after its defeat in the Great Stand on the Ugra River. Ivan III of Russia, Ivan III (reigned 1462–1505) and Vasili III of Russia, Vasili III (reigned 1505–1533) had already expanded Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovy's borders considerably by annexing the Novgorod Republic (1478), the Principality of Tver, Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, the Volokolamsk, Appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicholas II Of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. During his reign, Nicholas gave support to the economic and political reforms promoted by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and Pyotr Stolypin. He advocated modernization based on foreign loans and close ties with France, but resisted giving the new parliament (the Duma) major roles. Ultimately, progress was undermined by Nicholas's commitment to autocratic rule, strong aristocratic opposition and defeats sustained by the Russian military in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. By March 1917, public support for Nicholas had collapsed and he was forced to abdicate the throne, thereby ending the Romanov dynasty's 304-year rule of Russia (1613 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Brydon
William Brydon CB (10 October 1811 – 20 March 1873) was an assistant surgeon in the British East India Company Army during the First Anglo-Afghan War, famous for reportedly being the only member of an army of 4,500 men, plus 12,000 accompanying civilians, to reach safety in Jalalabad at the end of the long retreat from Kabul. Early life Brydon was born in London of Scottish descent. He studied medicine at University College London and at the University of Edinburgh. He subsequently was appointed as a surgeon in the Bengal Army of the British East India Company. Retreat from Kabul In 1841 William Brydon was posted to Afghanistan as the assistant surgeon of Shah Shuja's Contingent—a British officered infantry force recruited in India to provide protection for the British-backed ruler in Kabul. This mercenary unit formed part of a combined British and Indian army which occupied the city in August 1839. In January 1842, following the killing of the two British representa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasrullah Khan (Bukhara)
Nasrullah Khan, or Amir Muhammad Nasrullah Bahadur Khan, was the Emir of Bukhara from 24 April 1827 to 1860. His father was emir Haydar bin Shahmurad (1800–1826). Civil War After Haydar's death, Mir Hussein bin Haydar came to power. He died two months later and was succeeded by Umar bin Haydar. Civil war erupted between the forces of Umar and Nasrullah. From personal experience, Nasrullah knew in order to defeat Umar, he would need the support of the population of Samarqand and Miyankal (a region between Samarqand and Bukhara). One of his first actions was to enter Samarqand and gaining the support of the local leadership. Then he marched throughout the Zarafshan Valley, where local Uzbek tribes and clans submitted to him along the way. Reign Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora was ruler in a time when the Central Asian states were under pressure from the advance of the Russian Empire in the north and the British Indian Empire in the south. Nasr-Allah is best known in the West as th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of The Emirate Of Bukhara
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular or quadrilateral) with a distinctive design and colours. It is used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. The term ''flag'' is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as the maritime environment, where semaphore is used). Many flags fall into groups of similar designs called flag families. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin , meaning "flag" or "banner". National flags are patriotic symbols with widely varied interpretations that often include strong military associations because of their original and ongoing use for that purpose. Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for decorative purposes. Some military units are called "flags" after their use of flags. A ''flag'' (Arabic: ) is equivalent to a brigad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nauryzbai Batyr
Nasrullah Nauryzbai Kutpanbetuly Bahadur (, , romanized: ''Nasrūllah Nauryzbai Qūtpanbetūly Bahadür''), also known as Nauryzbai Bahadur or Nauryzbai Batyr (1706-1781) was a Kazakh war hero known for fighting against the Dzungars in the Dzhungar-Kazakh wars. Nauryzbai was one of three standard-bearers of Abu'l-Mansur Khan, the Kazakh ruler and commander-in-chief. Biography Nasrullah Bahadur was born in the Jalpaktas-Seriktas district of modern-day Almaty, Kazakhstan in 1706. His exact birth date is unclear, but it was likely around the Kazakh holiday of Nowruz (approx. mid-March), thus earning him the middle name ''Nauryzbai''. Nasrullah claimed partial Timurid descent on his mother's side and descent from the Golden Horde ruler Mubarak Khwaja on his father's side. Nasrullah grew up training in combat with the sons of Kazakh '' mırzas'' and '' khans''. In his youth, he developed a close friendship with a prince named Zairullah (later Nur Ali Khan), the son and succ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ablai Khan
Wāli-ūllah Abū'l-Mansūr Khan ( kk, Уәлиұллаh Әбілмансұр хан, , romanized: ''Uäliūllah Äbılmansūr Han''), better known as Abylai Khan or Ablai Khan (May 23, 1711 — May 23, 1781) was a Kazakh khan of the Middle jüz (central region) of the Kazakh Khanate. Life Born as Wali-ullah Abu'l-Mansur Khan, Abylai Khan belonged to the senior branch of descendants of the 15th century founder of the Kazakh state, Janybek Khan. The son of Korkem Wali Sultan, he was given the shortened name Abulmansur at birth. Abulmansur spent his childhood and part of his youth in exile, spending many years near present-day Burabay on the northern borders of the Kazakh Khanate. After losing his father to political rivals at the age of thirteen, Abulmansur moved back south towards present-day Kyzylorda. First, he worked as a shepherd in a noble Tole Bi and then Dauletgeldi Bai a herdsman. The ill-dressed and emaciated boy was called by the contemptuous name of "Sabalak" - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuraly Khan
Zairūllah Nūr-Ali Ghāzi-Bahadur bin Abū'l-Khair Khan (, , romanized: ''Zairūllah Nūr-Äli Ğazi-Bahadür bin Äbılqaiyr han''), also known as Nūr Ali Khan (1704–1790) was the khan of the Junior juz, eldest son of Abu'l Khair Khan. Rise to power and reign Nur Ali Khan was born in 1704 as the oldest son of Abu'l-Khair Muhammed Khan and his consort Farida Begum. He was given the name Zairullah at birth and went by it until after ascending to the throne. Through his father, Zairullah was the grandson of the Kazakh '' mırza'' Abdullah Sultan, who was best known for rising to the royal ranks after completing his hajj from his home in modern-day Nur-Sultan to Mecca. Zairullah Nur Ali Khan ascended to the throne in 1748 following the death of his father. His reign was largely characterized by a fragmentation of the Kazakh Khanate into the three ''jüzes'' once again. Zairullah (referred to as Nur Ali Khan hereafter) occupied the Junior jüz that his father original ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abul Khair Khan
Mirza Abū'l-Khair Mūhammed Khan bin Qājı Abdūllah Sultan ( kk, Мырза Әбілқайыр Мұхаммед хан бин Қажы Абдұллаh Сұлтан, , romanized: ''Myrza Äbılqaiyr Mūhammed Han bin Qajy Abdūllah Sūltan''), more commonly known by his short name Abū'l-Khair Khan (1693–1748) was leader of the Kazakh Little jüz in present-day western and central Kazakhstan. During this period, the Little jüz participated in the Kazakh-Dzungar Wars mainly to avenge the " Great Disaster" Dzungar invasion of major Kazakh territories. Under the strong leadership of Abu'l-Khair, the Muslim Kazakh ghazis defeated Dzungar forces at the Bulanty river in 1726 and in the Battle of Anrakai in 1729. Abu'l Khair Khan was born as the second oldest son of Hajji (Qajı) Abdullah Sultan, a Kazakh '' mırza'' (aristocrat) who had quickly risen to the royal ranks after completing his hajj to Mecca. Like his father, Abu'l-Khair also began as a '' mırza'' before risi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ormon Khan
Ormon Khan ( ky, Ормон хан; – 1854) was the first and only khan of the , ruling from 1842 until his death in 1854. A member of the powerful tribe, Ormon's reign saw a centralization of the , with the establishment of legal and judicial systems. Ormon was a close ally of the Russian Empire in the region, winning a series of wars against the Khanate of Kokand and defeating a Kazakh army led by Kenesary Khan, who had been rebelling against the Russians. In 1854, during a conflict with a rival Kyrgyz tribe, Ormon was captured in battle and executed. Ormon's khanate collapsed following his death, with the region falling under Russian control by 1868. Background Ormon Niyazbek uulu was born around 1792 in the Issyk-Kul valley of Kyrgyzstan. Ormon was a member of the powerful tribe, and his family was very influential in the region. His great-great-grandfather, , had been a high-ranking chief (') amongst the northern Kyrgyz and was proclaimed khan in 1758. Ormon's grand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Skobelev
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (russian: Михаил Дмитриевич Скобелев; 29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882), a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Dressed in a white uniform and mounted on a white horse, and always in the thickest of the fray, he was known and adored by his soldiers as the "White General" (and by the Turks as the "White Pasha"). During a campaign in Khiva, his Turkmen opponents called him ''goz ganly'' or "Bloody Eyes". British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery assessed Skobelev as the world's "ablest single commander" between 1870 and 1914 and wrote of his "skilful and inspiring" leadership. Francis Vinton Greene also rated Skobelev highly. Early life and Conquest of Khiva Skobelev was born in Saint Petersburg on 29 September 1843. His mother was Russian philanthropist Olga Skobeleva, and his father was Russian general Dmitry Ivanovich Skobel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan Davidovich Lazarev
Ivan Davidovich Lazarev ( hy, Հովհաննես Դավթի Լազարյան, Hovhannes Davti Lazarian; russian: Иван Давыдович Лазарев; 17 October 1820 – 14 August 1879) was an Imperial Russian Army general of Armenian origin. Diloyan, William. ''«Լազարև, Իվան Դավթի»'' (Lazarev, Ivan Davti). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. iv. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1978, pp. 468-469. Biography Hovhnanes Lazarian (Ivan Lazarev) was born on 17 October 1820 in Shushi in Nagorno Karabakh, then part of the Russian Empire, and studied at a school in that city. In 1839 he began his military career in the Caucasus, where, for his actions, he was made an officer in 1842. North Caucasus Before the war in Western Armenia in 1877, General Lazarian made his name in the northern Caucasus. He was assigned, like many officers, to fight in the Murid War in Dagestan against the Imam Shamil. Lazarian, unlike most officers, took the ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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