|
Russian-German Legion
German-Russian (German Russian) or Russian-German (Russian German) may refer to: * Germany–Russia relations *People with multiple citizenship of Germany and Russia * Russians in Germany *Ethnic Germans in the old Russian Empire or present-day Russia: ** Russia Germans **Baltic Germans Baltic Germans ( or , later ) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since their resettlement in 1945 after the end of World War II, Baltic Germans have drastically decli ... ** Black Sea Germans ** Caucasus Germans ** Crimea Germans ** Volga Germans ** Volhynian Germans * Russian Mennonites {{dab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany–Russia Relations
Germany–Russia relations display cyclical patterns, moving back and forth from cooperation and alliance to strain and to total warfare. Historian John Wheeler-Bennett says that since the 1740s: :Relations between Russia and Germany have been a series of alienations, distinguished for their bitterness, and of rapprochements, remarkable for their warmth. A cardinal factor in the relationship has been the existence of an independent Poland. When separated by a buffer state, the two great Powers of eastern Europe have been friendly, whereas a contiguity of frontiers has bred hostility. Otto von Bismarck established the League of the Three Emperors in 1873 with Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. But after Bismarck's dismissal in 1890, his successors chose to support Austria against Russia over competing influence in the Balkans. Germany fought against Russia in World War I (1914–1918). Relations were warm in the 1920s, very cold throughout the 1930s, cooperative and friendly i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple Citizenship
Multiple citizenship (or multiple nationality) is a person's legal status in which a person is at the same time recognized by more than one sovereign state, country under its nationality law, nationality and citizenship law as a national or citizen of that country. There is no international treaty, convention that determines the nationality or citizenship status of a person, which is consequently determined exclusively under national laws, which often conflict with each other, thus allowing for multiple citizenship situations to arise. A person holding multiple citizenship is, generally, entitled to the rights of citizenship in each country whose citizenship they are holding (such as right to a passport, right to enter the country, right to work, right to own property, suffrage, right to vote, etc.) but may also be subject to obligations of citizenship (such as a potential obligation for national service, becoming subject to taxation on worldwide income, etc.). Some countries d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russians In Germany
There is a significant Russian population in Germany (German: ''Deutschrussen, Russlanddeutsche'' or ''Russischsprachige in Deutschland''). The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered mass immigration to the West, with Germany being the top destination, mostly for economic and ethnic reasons. Russians (German Russians) are the 3rd largest migrant group in Germany. Soviet and post-Soviet emigration from Russia German population data records 1,213,000 Russian migrants residing in Germany—this includes current and former citizens of the Russian Federation as well as former citizens of the Soviet Union. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports that about 3,500,000 speakers of Russian live in Germany, split largely into three ethnic groups: # ethnic Russians (''Russen'', ''Deutschlandrussen'') # Russians descended from German migrants to the East (known as ''Aussiedler'', ''Spätaussiedler'' and ''Russlanddeutsche'' ( Russian Germans, Germans from Russia)) # Ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russia Germans
Russia Germans or Germans from Russia (, literally "Russia Germans"; or , literally "Russian Germans"), are ethnic Germans or their descendants who were born in Russia or in the Soviet Union. The term literally "Russia Germans" in Germanis often mistranslated as "Russian-Germans." After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many Russia Germans immigrated to Germany, benefiting from the German law that recognizes citizenship to ethnic Germans who arrived in the territory as late ethnic Germans resettlers (). Terminology Russia Germans can receive a more specific name according to where and when they settled. For example, an ethnic German born in a village in Odesa is a Ukraine German, a Black Sea German and a Russia German (the former Russian Empire). Alternatively, the Germans of Odesa belong to the group of the Germans of Ukraine, of the Black Sea, of Russia, and, less specifically, of Eastern Europe. The most populous division are the Volga Germans. More Russia German gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baltic Germans
Baltic Germans ( or , later ) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia. Since their resettlement in 1945 after the end of World War II, Baltic Germans have drastically declined as a geographically determined ethnic group in the region, with diaspora generally relocating to Germany proper and beyond. Since the late Middle Ages, native German-speakers formed the majority of merchants and clergy, and the large majority of the local landowning nobility who effectively constituted a ruling class over indigenous Latvian and Estonian non-nobles. By the time a distinct Baltic German ethnic identity began emerging in the 19th century, the majority of self-identifying Baltic Germans were non-nobles belonging mostly to the urban and professional middle class. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Catholic German traders and crusaders (''see '') began settling in the eastern Baltic territories. With the decline of Latin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Sea Germans
The Black Sea Germans (; ; ) are ethnic Germans who left their homelands (starting in the late-18th century, but mainly in the early-19th century at the behest of Emperor Alexander I of Russia, ), and settled in territories off the north coast of the Black Sea, mostly in the territories of the southern Russian Empire (including modern-day Ukraine). Black Sea Germans are distinct from similar groups of settlers (Crimean Goths, the Bessarabia Germans, Crimea Germans, Dobrujan Germans, Russian Mennonites, Volga Germans, and Volhynian Germans), who are separate chronologically, geographically and culturally, but not mutually exclusive groups. History Germans began settling in southern Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula in the late 18th century, but the bulk of immigration and settlement occurred during the Napoleonic period, from 1800 onward, with a concentration in the years 1803 to 1805. At the time, southern Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire. Designated New Russia, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caucasus Germans
Caucasus Germans () are part of the German minority in Russia and the Soviet Union. They migrated to the Caucasus largely in the first half of the 19th century and settled in the North Caucasus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the region of Kars (present-day northeastern Turkey). In 1941, the majority of them were subject to deportation to Central Asia and Siberia during Joseph Stalin's population transfer in the Soviet Union. After Stalin's death in 1953 and the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw, the Caucasus Germans were allowed to return, though only few did. Many assimilated and, after 1991, immigrated to Germany. Although the community today is a fraction of what it once was, many German buildings and churches are still extant, with some turned into museums. History Origins The victory of the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 ensured its expansion into the Caucasus. It also created a need in populating these lands with Russian s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimea Germans
The Crimea Germans (, , ) were ethnic German settlers who were invited by Russia to colonize the Crimea as part of the ''Ostsiedlung'' ("East Settlement"). History From 1783 onwards, there was a systematic settlement of Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans to the Crimean Peninsula (in what was then the Crimean Khanate) in order to weaken the Crimean Tatar population. The first planned settlements of Germans in Crimea were founded over 1805–1810 with the support of Czar Alexander I. The first settlements were: * Friedental – in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans * Heilbrunn – in the district of Feodosiya; formed in 1809 by Lutherans * Kronental – in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1810 by Lutherans and Catholics * Neusatz – in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans * Rosental – in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Catholics * Staryj Krim (old Crimea) – in the district Feodosiya; formed in 1805 by Lutherans and C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volga Germans
The Volga Germans (, ; ) are ethnic Germans who settled and historically lived along the Volga River in the region of southeastern European Russia around Saratov and close to Ukraine nearer to the south. Recruited as immigrants to Russia in the 18th century, they were allowed to maintain their German culture, language, traditions and churches (Lutheran, Reformed, Catholics, Moravians and Mennonites). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many Volga Germans immigrated to the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. After the October Revolution, the Volga German ASSR was established as an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR. During World War II, the republic was abolished by the Soviet government and the Volga Germans were forcibly expelled to a number of areas in the hinterlands of the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, many Volga Germans immigrated to Germany. History Invitation to settle in Russia In 1762, Catherine II, bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volhynian Germans
Volhynian Germans were ethnic Germans who settled in the Volhynia region of the Russian Empire, now part of northwestern Ukraine, from the early 19th century onwards. Their migration was primarily encouraged by Polish landlords seeking to develop agricultural land. The majority of these settlers originated from Congress Poland, with others coming from regions such as East and West Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Württemberg, and Galicia. Unlike German communities in other parts of the Russian Empire, Volhynian Germans were dispersed across over 1,400 Villages, rather than residing in concentrated colonies. By the turn of the 20th century, their population had grown to approximately 200,000. History The settlement of Volhynian Germans in the Volhynia region began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Initially, German craftsmen and merchants had settled in the area as early as the 13th century, contributing to the region's cultural development. However, significant colonizatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
