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Rhodoferax Fermentans
''Rhodoferax'' is a genus of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the Purple bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria. Originally, ''Rhodoferax'' species were included in the genus ''Rhodocyclus'' as the ''Rhodocyclus gelatinous''-like group. The genus ''Rhodoferax'' was first proposed in 1991 to accommodate the taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies arising from its inclusion in the genus ''Rhodocyclus''. ''Rhodoferax'' currently comprises four described species: ''R. fermentans'', ''R. antarcticus'', ''R. ferrireducens,'' and ''R. saidenbachensis''. ''R. ferrireducens'', lacks the typical phototrophic character common to two other ''Rhodoferax'' species. This difference has led researchers to propose the creation of a new genus, ''Albidoferax'', to accommodate this divergent species. The genus name was later corrected to ''Albidiferax''. Based on geno- and phenotypical characteristics, ''A. ferrireducens'' was reclassified in the genus Rhodoferax in 2014.'' R. saidenbachensis,'' a secon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodoferax Antarcticus
''Rhodoferax antarcticus'' is a psychrophilic, phototrophic, nonsulfur, highly motile bacterium from the genus ''Rhodoferax'', which was isolated from an Antarctic microbial mat in Ross Island. References External linksType strain of ''Rhodoferax antarcticus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Comamonadaceae Bacteria described in 2001 {{betaproteobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palmitic Acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain. It is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.Gunstone, F. D., John L. Harwood, and Albert J. Dijkstra. The Lipid Handbook, 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2007. , Its chemical formula is , and its C:D ratio (the total number of carbon atoms to the number of carbon-carbon double bonds) is 16:0. It is a major component of palm oil from the fruit of '' Elaeis guineensis'' ( oil palms), making up to 44% of total fats. Meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products also contain palmitic acid, amounting to 50–60% of total fats. Palmitates are the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4). Major sources of C16:0 are palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, and milk fat. Occurrence and production Palmitic acid was discovered by saponification of palm oil, which process ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phototrophic Bacteria
Phototrophs () are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is a common misconception that phototrophs are obligatorily photosynthetic. Many, but not all, phototrophs often photosynthesize: they anabolically convert carbon dioxide into organic material to be utilized structurally, functionally, or as a source for later catabolic processes (e.g. in the form of starches, sugars and fats). All phototrophs either use electron transport chains or direct proton pumping to establish an electrochemical gradient which is utilized by ATP synthase, to provide the molecular energy currency for the cell. Phototrophs can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs. If their electron and hydrogen donors are inorganic compounds (e.g., , as in some purple sulfur bacteria, or , as in some green sulfur bacteria) they can be also called litho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Energy Conversion Efficiency
Energy conversion efficiency (''η'') is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat. The resulting value, ''η'' (eta), ranges between 0 and 1. Overview Energy conversion efficiency depends on the usefulness of the output. All or part of the heat produced from burning a fuel may become rejected waste heat if, for example, work is the desired output from a thermodynamic cycle. Energy converter is an example of an energy transformation. For example, a light bulb falls into the categories energy converter. \eta = \frac Even though the definition includes the notion of usefulness, efficiency is considered a technical or physical term. Goal or mission oriented terms include effectiveness and efficacy. Generally, energy conversion efficiency is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1.0, or 0% to 100%. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Pseudogenes can be formed from both protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. In the case of protein-coding genes, most pseudogenes arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by gene duplication or indirectly by Reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences that lack regulatory sequences or are incapable of producing a functional product. Pseudogenes are a type of junk DNA. Most non-bacterial genomes contain many pseudogenes, often as many as functional genes. This is not surprising, since various biological processes are expected to accidentally create pseudogenes, and there are no specialized mechanisms to remove them from genomes. Eventually pseudogenes may be deleted from their genomes by chance of DNA replication or DNA repair errors, or they may accumulate so many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transfer RNA
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), formerly referred to as soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA), is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes). In a cell, it provides the physical link between the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins, carrying the correct sequence of amino acids to be combined by the protein-synthesizing machinery, the ribosome. Each three-nucleotide codon in mRNA is complemented by a three-nucleotide anticodon in tRNA. As such, tRNAs are a necessary component of translation, the biological synthesis of new proteins in accordance with the genetic code. Overview The process of translation starts with the information stored in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. This is first transformed into mRNA, then tRNA specifies which three-nucleotide codon from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid. Each mRNA codon is recognized by a particular type of tRNA, which docks to it along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form SSU rRNA, small and LSU rRNA, large ribosome subunits. rRNA is the physical and mechanical factor of the ribosome that forces transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to process and Translation (biology), translate the latter into proteins. Ribosomal RNA is the predominant form of RNA found in most cells; it makes up about 80% of cellular RNA despite never being translated into proteins itself. Ribosomes are composed of approximately 60% rRNA and 40% ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between Prokaryote, prokaryotes and Eukaryote, eukaryotes. Structure Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms, Base pair, base-pairing within these sequ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria and archaea; however plasmids are sometimes present in and eukaryotic organisms as well. Plasmids often carry useful genes, such as those involved in antibiotic resistance, virulence, secondary metabolism and bioremediation. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain additional genes for special circumstances. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the internet by various vendors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spheroidene
Spheroidene is a carotenoid pigment. It is a component of the photosynthetic reaction center of certain purple bacteria of the ''Rhodospirillaceae'' family, including ''Rhodobacter sphaeroides'' and '' Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides''. Like other carotenoids, it is a tetraterpenoid. In purified form, it is a brick-red solid soluble in benzene. Spheroidene was discovered by microbiologist C. B. van Niel, who named it "pigment Y". It was renamed by Basil Weedon, who was the first to prepare it synthetically, and to determine its structure, in the mid-1960s. Function Spheroidene is bound to the type II photosynthetic reaction center of purple bacteria, and together with the bacteriochlorophyll forms part of the light-harvesting complex. Spheroidene has two major functions in the complex. First, it absorbs visible light in the blue-green part of the visible spectrum (320–500 nm), where bacteriochlorophyll has little absorbance. It then transfers energy to the bacteriochlor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palmitoleic Acid
Palmitoleic acid, or (9''Z'')-hexadec-9-enoic acid, is an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (16:1n-7) with the formula CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. It is a rare component of fats. It is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. It is present in all tissues but, in general, found in higher concentrations in the liver. It is biosynthesized from palmitic acid by the action of the enzyme Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. Animal and cell culture studies indicate that palmitoleic acid is anti-inflammatory, and improves insulin sensitivity in liver and skeletal muscles, but more studies are required to establish its actions in humans. Many of the effects of palmitoleic acid are due to its activation of PPAR-alpha. Dietary sources Palmitoleic acid is found in trace amounts in most foods except for sardine oil, which contains 15% of this acid as a component of triglycerides. Other dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include breast milk, a variety of animal fats, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodoferax Fermentans
''Rhodoferax'' is a genus of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the Purple bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria. Originally, ''Rhodoferax'' species were included in the genus ''Rhodocyclus'' as the ''Rhodocyclus gelatinous''-like group. The genus ''Rhodoferax'' was first proposed in 1991 to accommodate the taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies arising from its inclusion in the genus ''Rhodocyclus''. ''Rhodoferax'' currently comprises four described species: ''R. fermentans'', ''R. antarcticus'', ''R. ferrireducens,'' and ''R. saidenbachensis''. ''R. ferrireducens'', lacks the typical phototrophic character common to two other ''Rhodoferax'' species. This difference has led researchers to propose the creation of a new genus, ''Albidoferax'', to accommodate this divergent species. The genus name was later corrected to ''Albidiferax''. Based on geno- and phenotypical characteristics, ''A. ferrireducens'' was reclassified in the genus Rhodoferax in 2014.'' R. saidenbachensis,'' a secon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodoquinone
Rhodoquinone (RQ) is a modified ubiquinone-like molecule that is an important cofactor used in anaerobic energy metabolism by many organisms. Recently, it has gained attention as a potential anthelmintic Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them without causing significant damage to the host. They may also ... drug target due to the fact that parasitic hosts do not synthesize or use this cofactor. Because this cofactor is used in low oxygen environments, many helminth-like organisms have adapted to survive host environments such as the areas within the gastrointestinal tracks. Biosynthesis Currently the biosynthesis of rhodoquinone (RQ) is still being debated, but there are two main biosynthetic pathways that are being researched. The first pathway requires the organism to produce ubiquinone (UQ) before the amino group can be added ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
