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Reduction Of Hours Of Work
Reduction of hours of work may refer to: * Six-hour day, proposed as an alternative to a four-day week * Eight-hour day movement, a former social movement to regulate the length of a working day. The eight-hour day was first introduced by law in Spain in 1919 and later the same year ratified by 52 countries at the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919. * Three-Day Week, introduced from 1973 to 1974 in the United Kingdom to conserve electricity * Four-day week, a policy to reduce the working week to four days rather than the more customary five * 35-hour workweek, a labour reform policy adopted in France in 2000 * Working time § Gradual decrease in working hours * Work–life balance See also * Annual leave * Critique of work * Effects of overtime * Exhaustion disorder * Job strain * Karoshi * Labor rights * List of countries by average annual labor hours * List of minimum annual leave by country * Long weekend * Occupational burnout * Occupational cardiova ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Time
Working time or laboring time is the period of time that a person spends at paid Wage labour, labor. Unpaid work, Unpaid labor such as personal housework or caring for children or pets is not considered part of the working week. Many countries regulate the work week by law, such as stipulating minimum daily Break (work), rest periods, annual Civic holiday, holidays, and a Eight-hour day, maximum number of working hours per week. Working time may vary from person to person, often depending on economic conditions, location, culture, lifestyle choice, and the profitability of the individual's livelihood. For example, someone who is supporting children and paying a large mortgage might need to work more hours to meet basic cost of living, costs of living than someone of the same earning power with lower housing costs. In developed countries like the United Kingdom, some workers are part-time because they are unable to find full-time work, but many choose reduced work hours to care ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karoshi
, which can be translated into "overwork death", is a Japanese language, Japanese term relating to occupation-related sudden death. The most common medical causes of karoshi deaths are myocardial infarction, heart attacks and strokes due to stress (biology), stress and malnourishment or fasting. Mental stress from the workplace can also cause workers to commit suicide in a phenomenon known as ''karōjisatsu'' (). Karoshi is also widespread in other parts of Asia. Generally, deaths from overwork are a worldwide occurrence. For example, over 770 wage labourers die of overwork annually in Sweden, a country with robust labour regulations. The death toll is, however, expected to increase in the future. History The first case of karoshi was reported in 1969 with the stroke-related death of a 29-year-old male worker in the Freight transport, shipping department of Japan's largest newspaper company. In 1988, the Labor Force Survey reported that almost one fourth of the male workin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reduction Of Hours Of Work Convention (other)
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Reduction of Hours of Work Convention may refer to: * Reduction of Hours of Work (Glass-Bottle Works) Convention, 1935 (shelved) * Reduction of Hours of Work (Public Works) Convention, 1936 * Reduction of Hours of Work (Textiles) Convention, 1937 It may also refer to: * Hours of Work (Commerce and Offices) Convention, 1930 * Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, 1919 * Hours of Work and Manning (Sea) Convention, 1936 See also * Reduction of hours of work (other) Reduction of hours of work may refer to: * Six-hour day, proposed as an alternative to a four-day week * Eight-hour day movement, a former social movement to regulate the length of a working day. The eight-hour day was first introduced by law in Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Holiday
A public holiday, national holiday, federal holiday, statutory holiday, bank holiday or legal holiday is a holiday generally established by law and is usually a non-working day during the year. Types Civic holiday A ''civic holiday'', also known as a ''civil holiday'' or ''work holiday'', is a day that is legally recognized and celebrated as a holiday in a particular sovereign state or jurisdictional subdivision of such, e.g., a state or a province. It is usually a day that the legislature, parliament, congress or Monarch, sovereign has declared by statute, edict or decree as a non-working day when the official arms of government such as the court, court system are closed. In federation, federal states there may also be different holidays for the constituent states or provinces, as in the United States, where holidays that were established by the federal government are called ''federal holidays''. Such days may or may not be counted in calculating the statute of limitation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychosocial Hazard
A psychosocial hazard or work stressor is any occupational hazard related to the way work is designed, organized and managed, as well as the economic and social contexts of work. Unlike the other three categories of occupational hazard (chemical, biological, and physical), they do not arise from a physical substance, object, or hazardous energy. Psychosocial hazards affect the psychological and physical well-being of workers, including their ability to participate in a work environment among other people. They cause not only psychiatric and psychological outcomes such as occupational burnout, anxiety disorders, and depression, but they can also cause physical injury or illness such as cardiovascular disease or musculoskeletal injury. Psychosocial risks are linked to the organization of work as well as workplace violence and are recognized internationally as major challenges to occupational safety and health as well as productivity. Types of hazard In general, workplace str ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paid Time Off
Paid time off, planned time off, or personal time off (PTO), is a policy in some employee handbooks that provides a bank of hours in which the employer pools sick days, vacation days, and personal days that allows employees to use as the need or desire arises. This policy pertains mainly to the United States, where there are no federal annual leave, legal requirements for a minimum number of paid vacation days (see also the list of statutory minimum employment leave by country). Instead, U.S. companies determine the amount of paid time off that will be allotted to employees, while keeping in mind the payoff in Recruitment, recruiting and retaining employees. Generally, PTO hours cover everything from planned vacations to Paid sick days, sick days, and are becoming more prevalent in the field of Society of Human Resource Management, human resource management. Unlike more traditional leave plans, PTO plans don't distinguish employee absences from personal days, vacation days, or si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overwork
Overwork, also known as excessive work or work overload, is an occupational condition characterized by working excessively, frequently at the expense of the worker's physical and mental health. It includes working beyond one's capacity, leading to fatigue, stress, and potential health complications. Definitions Compulsory, mandatory, or forced overtime is usually defined as hours worked in excess of forty hours per week "that the employer makes compulsory with the threat of job loss or the threat of other reprisals such as demotion or assignment to unattractive tasks or work shifts". Effects Mental Overwork, by its nature, is a stressor. The constant pressure to meet deadlines, handle heavy workloads, and maintain productivity can trigger a chronic stress response. This prolonged exposure to stress can lead the individual to a range of mental and physical health issues such as anxiety, sleep disorders, depression, and burnout. Extended work hours can lead to decreased produ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupational Stress
Occupational stress is psychological stress related to one's job. Occupational stress refers to a chronic condition. Occupational stress can be managed by understanding what the stressful conditions at work are and taking steps to remediate those conditions. Occupational stress can occur when workers do not feel supported by supervisors or coworkers, feel as if they have little control over the work they perform, or find that their efforts on the job are incommensurate with the job's rewards. Occupational stress is a concern for both employees and employers because stressful job conditions are related to employees' emotional well-being, physical health, and job performance. The World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization conducted a study. The results showed that exposure to long working hours, operates through increased psycho-social occupational stress. It is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, according to these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupational Cardiovascular Disease
Occupational cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are diseases of the heart or blood vessels caused by working conditions, making them a form of Occupational disease, occupational illness. These diseases include Coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and heart valve or heart chamber problems. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, cardiovascular diseases account for one out of four deaths. The 6th International Conference on Work Environment and Cardiovascular Diseases found that within the working age population about 10-20% of cardiovascular disease deaths can be attributed to work. Ten workplace stressors and risk factors (shift work, long work hours, low job control, low job security, high job demand, work-family imbalance, low work social support, low organizational justice, unemployment, and no health insurance) were estimated to be associated with 120,000 U.S. deaths ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occupational Burnout
The ICD-11 of the World Health Organization (WHO) describes occupational burnout as a work-related phenomenon resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed. According to the WHO, symptoms include "feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one's job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced professional efficacy." It is classified as an occupational phenomenon but is not recognized by the WHO as a Disease, medical or mental disorder, psychiatric condition. Social psychologist Christina Maslach and colleagues made clear that burnout does not constitute "a single, one-dimensional phenomenon." However, national health bodies in some European countries do recognise it as such, and it is also independently recognised by some health practitioners. Nevertheless, a body of evidence suggests that what is termed burnout is a depressive condition. History Kaschka, Korczak, and Broich (2011) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Long Weekend
A long weekend is a weekend that is at least three days long (i.e. a three-day weekend), due to a public or unofficial holiday occurring on either the following Monday or the preceding Friday. Many countries also have four-day weekends, in which two days adjoining the weekend are holidays. Examples are Good Friday / Easter Monday, and Christmas Day / Boxing Day (e.g. when Christmas Day occurs on a Thursday or Monday). Four-day "bridge" weekends In many countries, when a lone holiday occurs on a Tuesday or a Thursday, the day between the holiday and the weekend may also be designated as a holiday, set to be a movable or floating holiday, or work/school may be interrupted by consensus unofficially. This is typically referred to by a phrase involving "bridge" in many languages; for example in some Spanish-speaking countries the term is '' puente'' ("bridge") or simply "fin de semana largo". Four-day bridge weekends are commonplace in non-English speaking countries, but there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Minimum Annual Leave By Country
In the majority of nations, including all industrialised nations except the United States, advances in employee relations have seen the introduction of statutory agreements for minimum employee leave from work—that is the amount of entitlement to paid vacation and public holidays. Companies may offer contractually more time. Companies and the law may also differ as to whether public holidays are counted as part of the minimum leave. Disparities in national minimums are still subject of debate regarding work-life balance and perceived differences between nations. These numbers usually refer to full-time employment – part-time workers may get a reduced number of days. In most countries, public holidays are paid and usually not considered part of the annual leave. Also, in most countries there are additional paid leave benefits such as parental leave and sick leave that are not listed here. Methodology For the purpose of comparison, the paid vacation column has been normal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
