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RIPEMD-160
RIPEMD (RIPE Message Digest) is a family of cryptographic hash functions developed in 1992 (the original RIPEMD) and 1996 (other variants). There are five functions in the family: RIPEMD, RIPEMD-128, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-256, and RIPEMD-320, of which RIPEMD-160 is the most common. The original RIPEMD, as well as RIPEMD-128, is not considered secure because 128-bit result is too small and also (for the original RIPEMD) because of design weaknesses. The 256- and 320-bit versions of RIPEMD provide the same level of security as RIPEMD-128 and RIPEMD-160, respectively; they are designed for applications where the security level is sufficient but longer hash result is necessary. While RIPEMD functions are less popular than SHA-1 and SHA-2, they are used, among others, in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies based on Bitcoin. History The original RIPEMD function was designed in the framework of the EU project RIPE ( RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation) in 1992. Its design was based ...
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Cryptographic Hash Function
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map (mathematics), map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n bits) that has special properties desirable for a cryptography, cryptographic application: * the probability of a particular n-bit output result (hash value) for a random input string ("message") is 2^ (as for any good hash), so the hash value can be used as a representative of the message; * finding an input string that matches a given hash value (a ''pre-image'') is infeasible, ''assuming all input strings are equally likely.'' The ''resistance'' to such search is quantified as security strength: a cryptographic hash with n bits of hash value is expected to have a ''preimage resistance'' strength of n bits, unless the space of possible input values is significantly smaller than 2^ (a practical example can be found in ); * a ''second preimage'' resistance strength, with the same expectations, refers to a similar problem of f ...
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Comparison Of Cryptographic Hash Functions
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of cryptographic hash functions. See the individual functions' articles for further information. This article is not all-inclusive or necessarily up-to-date. An overview of hash function security/cryptanalysis can be found at hash function security summary. General information Basic general information about the cryptographic hash functions: year, designer, references, etc. Parameters Notes Compression function The following tables compare technical information for compression functions of cryptographic hash functions. The information comes from the specifications, please refer to them for more details. Notes See also * List of hash functions * Hash function security summary * Word (computer architecture) References External links ECRYPT Benchmarking of Cryptographic Hashes– measurements of hash function speed on various platforms The ECRYPT Hash Function Website– A wiki for ...
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Hash Function Security Summary
This article summarizes publicly known attacks against cryptographic hash functions. Note that not all entries may be up to date. For a summary of other hash function parameters, see comparison of cryptographic hash functions. Table color key Common hash functions Collision resistance Chosen prefix collision attack Preimage resistance Length extension *Vulnerable: MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512 *Not vulnerable: SHA384, SHA-3, BLAKE2 Less-common hash functions Collision resistance Preimage resistance Attacks on hashed passwords Hashes described here are designed for fast computation and have roughly similar speeds. Because most users typically choose short passwords formed in predictable ways, passwords can often be recovered from their hashed value if a fast hash is used. Searches on the order of 100 billion tests per second are possible with high-end graphics processors. Special hashes called key derivation functions have been created to slow brute for ...
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Bart Preneel
Bart Preneel (born 15 October 1963 in Leuven, Belgium) is a Belgium, Belgian cryptographer and cryptanalyst. He is a professor at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, in the COSIC group. He was the president of the International Association for Cryptologic Research in 2008–2013 and project manager of ECRYPT. Education In 1987, Preneel received a degree in Electrical Engineering from the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven. In 1993, Preneel received a PhD in Applied Sciences from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. His dissertation in computer science, entitled ''Analysis and Design of Cryptographic Hash Functions'', was advised by Joos Vandewalle, Joos (Joseph) P. L. Vandewalle and René Govaerts, René J. M. Govaerts. Career Along with Shoji Miyaguchi, he independently invented the One-way compression function#Miyaguchi–Preneel, Miyaguchi–Preneel scheme, a structure that converts a block cipher into a hash function, used eg. in the hash function Whirlpool (algorithm), Whirlpo ...
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Cryptlib
cryptlib is an open-source cross-platform software security toolkit library. It is distributed under the Sleepycat License, a free software license compatible with the GNU General Public License. Alternatively, cryptlib is available under a proprietary license for those preferring to use it under proprietary terms. Features cryptlib is a security toolkit library that allows programmers to incorporate encryption and authentication services to software. It provides a high-level interface, so that strong security capabilities can be added to an application without needing to know many of the low-level details of encryption or authentication algorithms. Extensive documentation in the form of a 400+ page programming manual is available. At the highest level, cryptlib provides implementations of complete security services such as S/MIME and PGP/ OpenPGP secure enveloping, SSL/TLS and SSH secure sessions, CA services such as CMP, SCEP, RTCS, OCSP, and other security operations ...
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Comparison Of Cryptography Libraries
The tables below compare cryptography libraries that deal with cryptography algorithms and have ''application programming interface'' (API) function calls to each of the supported features. Cryptography libraries FIPS 140 This table denotes, if a cryptography library provides the technical requisites for FIPS 140, and the status of their FIPS 140 certification (according to NIST's CMVP search, modules in process list and implementation under test list). Key operations Key operations include key generation algorithms, key exchange agreements, and public key cryptography standards. Public key algorithms Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) support Public key cryptography standards Hash functions Comparison of supported cryptographic hash functions. Here hash functions are defined as taking an arbitrary length message and producing a fixed size output that is virtually impossible to use for recreating the original message. MAC algorithms Compariso ...
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Libgcrypt
Libgcrypt is a cryptography library developed as a separated module of GnuPG. It can also be used independently of GnuPG, but depends on its error-reporting library Libgpg-error. It provides functions for all fundamental cryptographic building blocks: Libgcrypt features its own ''multiple precision arithmetic'' implementation, with assembler implementations for a variety of processors, including Alpha, AMD64, HP PA-RISC, i386, i586, M68K, MIPS 3, PowerPC, and SPARC. It also features an ''entropy gathering'' utility, coming in different versions for Unix-like and Windows machines. Usually multiple, stable branches of Libgcrypt are maintained in parallel; since 2022-03-28 this is the Libgrypt 1.10 branch as stable branch, plus the 1.8 branch as LTS ("long-term support") branch, which will be maintained at least until 2024-12-31. See also * Comparison of cryptography libraries * GNU Privacy Guard GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free-software replacement for Sym ...
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WolfSSL
wolfSSL is a small, portable, embedded SSL/TLS library targeted for use by embedded systems developers. It is an open source implementation of TLS (SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and DTLS 1.0, 1.2, and 1.3) written in the C programming language. It includes SSL/TLS client libraries and an SSL/TLS server implementation as well as support for multiple APIs, including those defined by SSL and TLS. wolfSSL also includes an OpenSSL compatibility interface with the most commonly used OpenSSL functions. Platforms wolfSSL is currently available for Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS, Solaris, ESP32, ESP8266, ThreadX, VxWorks, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, embedded Linux, Yocto Project, OpenEmbedded, WinCE, Haiku, OpenWrt, iPhone, Android, Wii, and GameCube through DevKitPro support, QNX, MontaVista, Tron variants, NonStop OS, OpenCL, Micrium's MicroC/OS-II, FreeRTOS, SafeRTOS, Freescale MQX, Nucleus, TinyOS, TI-RTOS, HP-UX, uTasker, uT-kernel, embOS, INtime, mbed, RIOT, CMSIS-RT ...
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OpenSSL
OpenSSL is a software library for applications that provide secure communications over computer networks against eavesdropping, and identify the party at the other end. It is widely used by Internet servers, including the majority of HTTPS websites. OpenSSL contains an open-source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols. The core library, written in the C programming language, implements basic cryptographic functions and provides various utility functions. Wrappers allowing the use of the OpenSSL library in a variety of computer languages are available. The OpenSSL Software Foundation (OSF) represents the OpenSSL project in most legal capacities including contributor license agreements, managing donations, and so on. OpenSSL Software Services (OSS) also represents the OpenSSL project for support contracts. OpenSSL is available for most Unix-like operating systems (including Linux, macOS, and BSD), Microsoft Windows and OpenVMS. Project history The OpenSSL project wa ...
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CRYPTREC
CRYPTREC is the Cryptography Research and Evaluation Committees set up by the Japanese Government to evaluate and recommend cryptographic techniques for government and industrial use. It is comparable in many respects to the European Union's NESSIE project and to the Advanced Encryption Standard process run by National Institute of Standards and Technology in the U.S. Comparison with NESSIE There is some overlap, and some conflict, between the NESSIE selections and the CRYPTREC draft recommendations. Both efforts include some of the best cryptographers in the world therefore conflicts in their selections and recommendations should be examined with care. For instance, CRYPTREC recommends several 64 bit block ciphers while NESSIE selected none, but CRYPTREC was obliged by its terms of reference to take into account existing standards and practices, while NESSIE was not. Similar differences in terms of reference account for CRYPTREC recommending at least one stream cipher, RC4, whi ...
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Nettle (cryptographic Library)
Nettle is a cryptographic library designed to fit easily in a wide range of toolkits and applications. It began as a collection of low-level cryptography functions from lsh in 2001. Since June 2009 (version 2.0) Nettle is a GNU package. Features Since version 3, nettle provides the AES block cipher (a subset of Rijndael) (with assembly optimizations for x86 and sparc), the ARCFOUR (also known as RC4) stream cipher (with x86 and sparc assembly), the ARCTWO (also known as RC2) stream cipher, BLOWFISH, CAMELLIA (with x86 and x86_64 assembly optimizations), CAST-128, DES and 3DES block ciphers, the ChaCha stream cipher (with assembly for x86_64), GOSTHASH94, the MD2, MD4, and MD5 (with x86 assembly) digests, the PBKDF2 key derivation function, the POLY1305 (with assembly for x86_64) and UMAC message authentication codes, RIPEMD160, the Salsa20 stream cipher (with assembly for x86_64 and ARM), the SERPENT block cipher (with assembly for x86_64), SHA-1 (with ...
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