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Quil A
Quillaia is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (''Quillaja saponaria''). Other names include ''Murillo bark extract'', ''Panama bark extract'', ''Quillaia extract'', ''Quillay bark extract'', ''Soapbark extract'', and . Quillaia contains high concentrations of saponins that can be increased further by processing. Highly purified saponins from quillaia bark are used as adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. Other compounds in the crude extract include tannins and other polyphenols, and calcium oxalate.EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) et alRe-evaluation of Quillaia extract (E 999) as a food additive and safety of the proposed extension of use. EFSA Journal. 6 March 2019. Quillaia is used in the manufacture of food additives. The extract also is used as a humectant in baked goods, frozen dairy products, and puddings and as a foaming agent in soft drinks. It is used in agriculture for some "natural" spray adjuvant formula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottles Of Quillaja Extract
A bottle is a narrow-necked container made of an impermeable material (such as glass, plastic or aluminium) in various shapes and sizes that stores and transports liquids. Its mouth, at the bottling line, can be sealed with an internal stopper, an external bottle cap, a closure, or induction sealing. Etymology First attested in 14th century. From the English word ''bottle'' derives from an Old French word ''boteille'', from vulgar Latin">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... word ''boteille'', from vulgar Latin ''butticula'', from late Latin ''buttis'' ("cask"), a Latinisation (literature), latinisation of the Greek language, Greek βοῦττις (''bouttis'') ("vessel"). Types Glass Wine The glass bottle represented an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality stopper such as a cork, it allowed long-term aging of wine. Glass has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agricultural Spray Adjuvant
Agricultural spray adjuvants are part of integrated pest management, and during pesticide application are used to enhance the effectiveness of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and other agents that control or eliminate unwanted pests. As with medical adjuvants, agricultural spray adjuvants are not themselves active in controlling or killing pests. Instead, these additives modify some property of the spray solution, which improves the ability of the pesticide to penetrate, target or protect the target organism. Among the typical types of ingredients used are surfactants, emulsifiers, oils and salts. Each of these ingredients, and others, modifies the spray solution itself to improve such properties as spreading, penetration, droplet size or other characteristics. These additives may be included in a formulation with a pesticide or may be added separately to a tank. When they are included in the pesticide formulations themselves, they are called ''in-can'' adjuvants. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adjuvant
In pharmacology, an adjuvant is a drug or other substance, or a combination of substances, that is used to increase the efficacy or potency of certain drugs. Specifically, the term can refer to: * Adjuvant therapy in cancer management * Analgesic adjuvant in pain management * Immunologic adjuvant In immunology, an adjuvant is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a vaccine. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word , meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to acce ... in vaccines {{sia Adjuvants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Novavax
Novavax, Inc. is an American biotechnology company based in Gaithersburg, Maryland, that develops vaccines to counter serious infectious diseases. Prior to 2020, company scientists developed experimental vaccines for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), as well as Ebola and other emerging infectious diseases. During 2020, the company redirected its efforts to focus on development and approval of its NVX-CoV2373 vaccine for COVID-19. The COVID-19 vaccine Nuvaxovid was approved in the European Union at the end of 2021, and in Canada in February 2022, as the fifth vaccine against COVID-19, following Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, Janssen and AstraZeneca. History In June 2013, Novavax acquired the Matrix-M adjuvant platform with the purchase of Swedish company Isconova AB and renamed its new subsidiary Novavax AB. ResVax In March 2015, the company completed a Phase I trial for its Ebola vaccine candidate, as well as a phase II study in adults for its respirator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
QS21
QS-21 is a purified plant extract used as a vaccine adjuvant. It is derived from the soap bark tree (''Quillaja saponaria''), which is native to the countries of Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The crude drug (''Quillajae cortex'', Quillaia) is imported from Peru and Chile. The extract contains water-soluble triterpene glycosides, which are members of a family of plant-based compounds called saponins. It has been tested as an adjuvant in various vaccines in attempts to improve their efficacy. It is believed to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Use QS-21 has been clinically evaluated as a vaccine adjuvant. , it had been tested in more than 3000 patients in 60 clinical trials. Direct, unencapsuled QS-21 is very liable to hydrolysis. It also causes immediate pain at injection site and ''in vitro'' causes hemolysis. All of these can be prevented by packaging QS-21 into lipid-based particles, which also have the added advantage of targeting its delivery to phagocytes. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccine (journal)
''Vaccine'' is a peer-reviewed medical journal, published by Elsevier. It is targeted towards medical professionals who are interested in vaccinology, vaccines, and vaccination. The official journal of the Edward Jenner Society and the Japanese Society for Vaccinology, ''Vaccine'' describes itself as "an interface between academics, those in research and development, and workers in the field", covering topics "rang ngfrom basic research through to applications, safety and legislation." , Gregory A. Poland is ''Vaccine''s editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun .... References External links Official website Elsevier academic journals English-language journals Academic journals established in 1983 Vaccinology journals Weekly journals {{immunolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irritation
Irritation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an irritant. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example phenol and capsaicin) but mechanical, thermal (heat), and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light or ionising radiations) can also be irritants. Irritation also has non-clinical usages referring to bothersome physical or psychological pain or discomfort. Irritation can also be induced by some allergic response due to exposure of some allergens for example contact dermatitis, irritation of mucosal membranes and pruritus. Mucosal membrane is the most common site of irritation because it contains secretory glands that release mucus which attracts the allergens due to its sticky nature. Chronic irritation is a medical term signifying that afflictive health conditions have been present for a while. There are many dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foot-and-mouth Disease
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious disease, infectious and sometimes fatal virus (biology), viral disease that primarily affects even-toed ungulates, including domestic and wild Bovidae, bovids. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by vesicle (dermatology), blisters inside the mouth and near the hoof that may rupture and cause lameness. FMD has very severe implications for animal farming, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals comparatively easily through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, and feed, and by domestic and wild predators. Its containment demands considerable efforts in vaccine, vaccination, strict monitoring, trade restrictions, quarantines, and the culling of both infected and healthy (uninfected) animals. Susceptible animals include cattle, domestic water buffalo, water buffalo, domestic sheep, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, deer, and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological Dosage form, preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease, infectious or cancer, malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be prophylaxis, prophylactic (to prevent or alleviate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic vaccines, therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer vaccine, cancer). Some vaccines offer full sterilizing immunity, in which infection is prevented. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veterinary
Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, management, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in non-human animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions that can affect different species. Veterinary medicine is widely practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a veterinary physician (also known as a veterinarian, veterinary surgeon, or "vet"), but also by paraveterinary workers, such as veterinary nurses, veterinary technicians, and veterinary assistants. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialties, such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, and species-relevant roles such as farriers. Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease (infectious disease transmitted from nonhuman animals to humans), foo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quillaja Saponaria
''Quillaja saponaria'', the soap bark tree or soapbark, is an evergreen tree in the family Quillajaceae, native to warm temperate central Chile. In Chile it occurs from 32nd parallel south, 32 to 40th parallel south, 40° South Latitude approximately and at up to 2000 m (6500 ft) above sea level. It can grow to 15–20 m (50–65 ft) in height. The tree has thick, dark bark; smooth, leathery, shiny, oval evergreen Leaf, leaves 3–5 cm long; white star-shaped flowers 15 mm diameter borne in dense corymbs; and a dry fruit with five follicles each containing 10–20 seeds. The tree has several practical and commercial uses. Habitat This tree occurs at elevations up to 2000 metres. The species is drought resistant, and tolerates about −12 °C (10 °F) in its natural habitat. Examples of specific occurrences are in central Chile in the forests of La Campana National Park and Cerro La Campana, in which locales it is associated with the Chilean win ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soft Drink
A soft drink (see #Terminology, § Terminology for other names) is a class of non-alcoholic drink, usually (but not necessarily) Carbonated water, carbonated, and typically including added Sweetness, sweetener. Flavors used to be Natural flavor, natural, but now can also be Artificial Flavoring, artificial. The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet sodas), or some combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain caffeine, Food coloring, colorings, preservatives and other ingredients. Coffee, tea, milk, cocoa, and unaltered fruit and vegetable juices are not considered soft drinks. Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic beverages, alcoholic drinks. Small amounts of alcohol (drug), alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the Alcohol by volume, alcohol content must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink in many countries and localities See §7.71, paragraphs (e) and (f). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
