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QUIC
QUIC () is a general-purpose transport layer network protocol initially designed by Jim Roskind at Google. It was first implemented and deployed in 2012 and was publicly announced in 2013 as experimentation broadened. It was also described at an IETF meeting. The Chrome web browser, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, and Safari all support it. In Chrome, QUIC is used by more than half of all connections to Google's servers. QUIC improves performance of connection-oriented web applications that before QUIC used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It does this by establishing a number of multiplexed connections between two endpoints using User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and is designed to obsolete TCP at the transport layer for many applications. Although its name was initially proposed as an acronym for ''Quick UDP Internet Connections'', in IETF's use of the word, QUIC is not an acronym; it is simply the name of the protocol. QUIC works hand-in-hand with HTTP/3's multiplexed connections ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HTTP/3
HTTP/3 is the third major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol used to exchange information on the World Wide Web, complementing the widely deployed HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2. Unlike previous versions which relied on the well-established TCP (published in 1974), HTTP/3 uses QUIC (officially introduced in 2021), a multiplexed transport protocol built on UDP. HTTP/3 uses similar semantics compared to earlier revisions of the protocol, including the same request methods, status codes, and message fields, but encodes them and maintains session state differently. However, partially due to the protocol's adoption of QUIC, HTTP/3 has lower latency and loads more quickly in real-world usage when compared with previous versions: in some cases over four times as fast than with HTTP/1.1 (which, for many websites, is the only HTTP version deployed). As of September 2024, HTTP/3 is supported by more than 95% of major web browsers in use and 34% of the top 10 million websites. It has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Control Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main communications protocol, protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliability (computer networking), reliable, ordered, and error detection and correction, error-checked delivery of a reliable byte stream, stream of octet (computing), octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Major internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP, which is part of the transport layer of the TCP/IP suite. Transport Layer Security, SSL/TLS often runs on top of TCP. TCP is Connection-oriented communication, connection-oriented, meaning that sender and receiver firstly need to establish a connection based on agreed parameters; they do this through three-way Ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protocol Ossification
Protocol ossification is the loss of flexibility, extensibility and evolvability of network protocols. This is largely due to middleboxes that are sensitive to the wire image (networking), wire image of the protocol, and which can interrupt or interfere with messages that are valid but which the middlebox does not correctly recognise. This is a violation of the end-to-end principle. Secondary causes include inflexibility in endpoint implementations of protocols. Ossification is a major issue in Internet protocol design and deployment, as it can prevent new protocols or extensions from being deployed on the Internet, or place strictures on the design of new protocols; new protocols may have to be encapsulation (networking), encapsulated in an already-deployed protocol or mimic the wire image of another protocol. Because of ossification, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are the only practical choices for transport protocols on the Internet, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jim Roskind
Jim Roskind is an American software engineer best known for designing the QUIC protocol in 2012 while being an employee at Google. Roskind co-founded Infoseek in 1994 with 7 other people, including Steve Kirsch. Later that year, Roskind wrote the Python profiler which is part of the standard library. From 1995 to 2003 he was chief architect at Netscape during which time he developed Netscape's Java security module. Brokerage dispute While at Netscape in 1996, he successfully brought a lawsuit against Morgan Stanley Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. With offices in 42 countries and more than 80,000 employees, the firm's clients in ..., arguing that the way they sold his stock caused him to get a lower price than he should have. That case was appealed up to the US Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case, leaving in place a precedent where indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
User Datagram Protocol
In computer networking, the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core communication protocols of the Internet protocol suite used to send messages (transported as datagrams in Network packet, packets) to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Within an IP network, UDP does not require prior communication to set up communication channels or data paths. UDP is a connectionless protocol, meaning that messages are sent without negotiating a connection and that UDP does not keep track of what it has sent. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination of the datagram. It has no Handshake (computing), handshaking dialogues and thus exposes the user's program to any Reliability (computer networking), unreliability of the underlying network; there is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. If error-correction facilities are needed at the network interface level, an applica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNS-over-QUIC
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and distributed name service that provides a naming system for computers, services, and other resources on the Internet or other Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It associates various information with ''domain names'' (identification strings) assigned to each of the associated entities. Most prominently, it translates readily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for locating and identifying computer services and devices with the underlying network protocols. The Domain Name System has been an essential component of the functionality of the Internet since 1985. The Domain Name System delegates the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to Internet resources by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Network administrators may delegate authority over subdomains of their allocated name space to other name servers. This mechanism provides distributed and fault-tolerant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transport Layer
In computer networking, the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the OSI model. The protocols of this layer provide end-to-end communication services for applications. It provides services such as connection-oriented communication, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing. The details of implementation and semantics of the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite, which is the foundation of the Internet, and the OSI model of general networking are different. The protocols in use today in this layer for the Internet all originated in the development of TCP/IP. In the OSI model the transport layer is often referred to as Layer 4, or L4, while numbered layers are not used in TCP/IP. The best-known transport protocol of the Internet protocol suite is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It is used for connection-oriented transmissions, whereas the con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head-of-line Blocking
Head-of-line blocking (HOL blocking) in computer networking is a performance-limiting phenomenon that occurs when a queue of packets is held up by the first packet in the queue. This occurs, for example, in input-buffered network switches, out-of-order delivery and multiple requests in HTTP pipelining. Network switches A switch may be composed of buffered input ports, a switch fabric, and buffered output ports. If first-in first-out (FIFO) input buffers are used, only the oldest packet is available for forwarding. If the oldest packet cannot be transmitted due to its target output being busy, then more recent arrivals cannot be forwarded. The output may be busy if there is output contention. Without HOL blocking, the new arrivals could potentially be forwarded around the stuck oldest packet to their respective destinations. HOL blocking can produce performance-degrading effects in input-buffered systems. This phenomenon limits the throughput of switches. For FIFO input bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Network Protocol
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both. Communicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages. Each message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses predetermined for that particular situation. The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a technical standard. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: ''protocols are to communicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Network Packet
In telecommunications and computer networking, a network packet is a formatted unit of Data (computing), data carried by a packet-switched network. A packet consists of control information and user data; the latter is also known as the ''Payload (computing), payload''. Control information provides data for delivering the payload (e.g., source and destination network addresses, error detection codes, or sequencing information). Typically, control information is found in packet Header (computing), headers and Trailer (computing), trailers. In packet switching, the Bandwidth (computing), bandwidth of the transmission medium is shared between multiple communication sessions, in contrast to circuit switching, in which circuits are preallocated for the duration of one session and data is typically transmitted as a continuous bit stream. Terminology In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, ''packet'' strictly refers to a protocol data unit at layer 3, the network layer. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Network Bandwidth
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth. This definition of ''bandwidth'' is in contrast to the field of signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which ''bandwidth'' is used to refer to the signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. The actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth but also on the noise on the channel. Network capacity The term ''bandwidth'' sometimes defines the net bit rate ''peak bit rate'', ''information rate'', or physical layer ''useful bit rate'', channel capacity, or the maximum throughput of a logical or physical communication path in a digital communication system. For example, bandwidt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
