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QARMA
QARMA (from Qualcomm ARM Authenticator) is a lightweight tweakable block cipher primarily known for its use in the ARMv8 architecture for protection of software as a cryptographic hash for the Pointer Authentication Code. The cipher was proposed by Roberto Avanzi in 2016. Two versions of QARMA are defined: QARMA-64 (64-bit block size with a 128-bit encryption key) and QARMA-128 (128-bit block size with a 256-bit key). The design of the QARMA was influenced by PRINCE and MANTIS. The cipher is intended for fully-unrolled hardware implementations with low latency (like memory encryption). Unlike the XTS mode, the address can be directly used as a tweak and does not need to be whitened with the block encryption first. Architecture QARMA is an Even–Mansour cipher using three stages, with whitening keys ''w0'' and ''w1'' XORed in between: # permutation F is using ''core'' key ''k0'' and parameterized by a tweak ''T''. It has ''r'' rounds inside (r = 7 for QARMA-64, r = 11 for QAR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pointer Authentication Code
Return-oriented programming (ROP) is a computer security exploit technique that allows an attacker to execute code in the presence of security defenses such as executable-space protection and code signing. In this technique, an attacker gains control of the call stack to hijack program control flow and then executes carefully chosen machine instruction sequences that are already present in the machine's memory, called "gadgets". Each gadget typically ends in a return instruction and is located in a subroutine within the existing program and/or shared library code. Chained together, these gadgets allow an attacker to perform arbitrary operations on a machine employing defenses that thwart simpler attacks. Background Return-oriented programming is an advanced version of a stack smashing attack. Generally, these types of attacks arise when an adversary manipulates the call stack by taking advantage of a bug in the program, often a buffer overrun. In a buffer overrun, a functio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lightweight Cryptography
Lightweight is a weight class in combat sports and rowing. Boxing Professional boxing The lightweight division is over 130 pounds (59 kilograms) and up to 135 pounds (61.2 kilograms) weight class in the sport of boxing. Notable lightweight boxers include Henry Armstrong, Ken Buchanan, Tony Canzoneri, Pedro Carrasco, Joel Casamayor, Al "Bummy" Davis, Oscar De La Hoya, Roberto Durán, Joe Gans, Artur Grigorian, Benny Leonard, Ray Mancini, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Juan Manuel Márquez, Sugar Shane Mosley, Miguel Ángel González, Carlos Ortiz, Katie Taylor, Edwin Valero, Len Wickwar, Pernell Whitaker, Manny Pacquiao and Ike Williams. Current world champions Current world rankings =''The Ring''= As of May 14, 2025. Keys: : Current ''The Ring'' world champion = ''BoxRec'' = As of May 19, 2025. Longest reigning world lightweight champions Below is a list of "longest reigning lightweight champions" career time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply. Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bitwise Rotation
In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit string, a bit array or a binary numeral (considered as a bit string) at the level of its individual bits. It is a fast and simple action, basic to the higher-level arithmetic operations and directly supported by the processor. Most bitwise operations are presented as two-operand instructions where the result replaces one of the input operands. On simple low-cost processors, typically, bitwise operations are substantially faster than division, several times faster than multiplication, and sometimes significantly faster than addition. While modern processors usually perform addition and multiplication just as fast as bitwise operations due to their longer instruction pipelines and other architectural design choices, bitwise operations do commonly use less power because of the reduced use of resources. Bitwise operators In the explanations below, any indication of a bit's position is counted from the right (least signif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LFSR
In computing, a linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) is a shift register whose input bit is a linear function of its previous state. The most commonly used linear function of single bits is exclusive-or (XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift register value. The initial value of the LFSR is called the seed, and because the operation of the register is deterministic, the stream of values produced by the register is completely determined by its current (or previous) state. Likewise, because the register has a finite number of possible states, it must eventually enter a repeating cycle. However, an LFSR with a well-chosen feedback function can produce a sequence of bits that appears random and has a very long cycle. Applications of LFSRs include generating pseudo-random numbers, pseudo-noise sequences, fast digital counters, and whitening sequences. Both hardware and software implementations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S-box
In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Claude Shannon, Shannon's property of confusion and diffusion, confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear vectorial Boolean function. In general, an S-box takes some number of input bits, ''m'', and transforms them into some number of output bits, ''n'', where ''n'' is not necessarily equal to ''m''. An ''m''×''n'' S-box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2''m'' words of ''n'' bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the cryptographic key, key (e.g. the Blowfish (cipher), Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms). Example One good example of a fixed table is the S-box from DES (S5), mapping 6-bit input into a 4-bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MIDORI
Midori (みどり, ミドリ, , , ) is the Japanese word for "green" and may refer to: Places * Midori, Gunma * Midori-ku, Chiba * Midori-ku, Nagoya * Midori-ku, Sagamihara * Midori-ku, Saitama * Midori-ku, Yokohama People Given name * Midori (actress), born 1968 as Michele Watley, pornographic actress * Midori (author), an author on human sexuality * , Japanese cross-country skier * Midori Francis, (1994) American actress * , Japanese-American violinist * , Japanese football manager * , Japanese politician * , Japanese former figure skater * Midori Kahata, , (1995), Japanese group rhythmic gymnast * , Japanese voice actress * , Japanese idol * , Japanese actress * , Japanese curler * Midori Kono Thiel, (1933), Japanese American calligrapher * , Japanese model * , Japanese politician * , Japanese pianist * , Japanese translator * , Japanese stage actress * Midori Seiler, (born 1971), German-Japanese violinist * Midori Shimizu (other) * , Japanese horticult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byte
The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as the Internet Protocol () refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet. Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7 or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The size of the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used. The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nibble
In computing, a nibble, or spelled nybble to match byte, is a unit of information that is an aggregation of four- bits; half of a byte/ octet. The unit is alternatively called nyble, nybl, half-byte or tetrade. In networking or telecommunications, the unit is often called a semi-octet, quadbit, or quartet. As a nibble can represent sixteen () possible values, a nibble value is often shown as a hexadecimal digit (hex digit). A byte is two nibbles, and therefore, a value can be shown as two hex digits. Four-bit computers use nibble-sized data for storage and operations; as the word unit. Such computers were used in early microprocessors, pocket calculators and pocket computers. They continue to be used in some microcontrollers. In this context, 4-bit groups were sometimes also called characters rather than nibbles. History The term ''nibble'' originates from its representing half a byte, with ''byte'' a homophone of the English word ''bite''. In 2014, David B. Be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alpha Reflection
Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter ''aleph'' , whose name comes from the West Semitic word for ' ox'. Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter and the Cyrillic letter . Uses Greek In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ( ː or short ( . Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: . * = ' "a time" * = ' "tongue" In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel . In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two breathing marks (), as well as combinations of these. It can also combine with the iota subscript (). Greek grammar In the Attic– I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Involutary Matrix
Involution may refer to: Mathematics * Involution (mathematics), a function that is its own inverse * Involution algebra, a *-algebra: a type of algebraic structure * Involute, a construction in the differential geometry of curves * Exponentiation (archaic use of the term) Other uses * Involution (medicine), the shrinking of an organ (such as the uterus after pregnancy) * Neijuan, or involution, a Chinese social concept * ''Agricultural Involution'', a 1963 study of intensification of production through increased labour inputs * Involution (esoterism) The term involution has various meanings. In some instances it refers to a process prior to evolution which gives rise to the cosmos, in others it is an aspect of evolution, and in still others it is a process that follows the completion of evoluti ..., several notions of a counterpart to evolution * Involution (Meher Baba), the inner path of the human soul to the self as described by Meher Baba * Involution (Sri Aurobindo), te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
