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Polaznik
In Slavic traditions, a ''Polaznik'' uk, полазник, polaznik sk, polažeň, polaznik sl, polažar, polažič sr, полажајник, polažajnik, полаженик, polaženik, походник, pohodnik bg, (с)полезник, (s)poleznik, полазник, polaznik, по(х)ожняк, po(ch)ożnjak, походняк, pochodnjak, полазница, polaznica. is the first guest (sometimes called the "divine guest") who comes to a house at Christmas or on some holiday between St. Demetrius day and Epiphany to bring luck, prosperity, health, and wealth for the coming year. Less frequently, the role of the polaznik is taken over by an animal, which is brought into the house, which is also supposed to bring luck. The ritual is known mainly to Ukrainians, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes, Serbs, Croats, and Bulgarians. It is believed that the polaznik is a messenger of the ancestors, which connects the world of the living and the dead. Regional customs Poland In Poland, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podłaźniczka
''Podłaźniczka'', ''polazňička'' is Polish and Slovakian Christmas decoration. It was usually made of the top of a conifer tree turned upside down, which was then decorated with tissue paper, candies, apples, nuts, or typical Polish worlds, or of straw. This decoration was then hung over the Vigil table or in a corner. It was supposed to bring luck and prosperity to the household. Podłaźniczka originates from the tradition of '' połaźnik''. In Serbia, such a branch was called ''šumka od položenjca'' ( sr-Cyrl, шумка од положења), or ''polaznikova šumka'' ( sr-Cyrl, полазникова шумка, link=no). History The custom of ''podłaźniczka'' is related to the custom of the '' połaźnik''. Podlaznik was the first guest to visit a house on Christmas Day. The arrival of a healthy, young, and happy person was supposed to bring luck to the household. Podlaznik often brought with him green twigs, which in Poland were called ''podłaźniczki''. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlton Alfred Smith - Christmas Eve
Carlton may refer to: People * Carlton (name), a list of those with the given name or surname * Carlton (singer), English soul singer Carlton McCarthy * Carlton, a pen name used by Joseph Caldwell (1773–1835), American educator, Presbyterian minister, mathematician and astronomer Places Australia * Carlton, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney * Carlton, Tasmania, a locality in Tasmania * Carlton, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne Canada * Carlton, Edmonton, Alberta, a neighbourhood * Carlton, Saskatchewan, a hamlet * Fort Carlton, a Hudson's Bay Company fur trading post built in 1810, near present-day Carlton, Saskatchewan * Carlton Trail, a historic trail near Fort Carlton * Carlton Street, Toronto, Ontario England * Carlton, Bedfordshire, a village * Carlton, Cambridgeshire, a village * Carlton, County Durham, a village and civil parish * Carlton, Leicestershire, a village * Carlton, Nottinghamshire, a suburb to the east of Nottingham ** The Carlton Academy * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koledari
Koledari are Slavic traditional performers of a ceremony called ''koleduvane'', a kind of Christmas caroling. It is associated with Koliada, a celebration incorporated later into Christmas. This type of caroling is called "kolędowanie" in Poland, "коледуване" (''koleduvane'') in Bulgaria, "colindat" in Romania, "колядування" (''koliaduvannia'') in Ukraine, and "коледарење" (''koledarenje'') or "коледе" (''kolede'') in North Macedonia. Bulgaria The ''koledari'' carolers traditionally start their rounds at midnight on Christmas Eve. They visit the houses of their relatives, neighbours and other people in the village. The caroling is usually performed by young men, which are accompanied by an elder one called ''stanenik''. Each caroler carries a stick called ''gega''. They wish the people from the village health, wealth and happiness. The time for the ''koleduvane'' is strictly defined by tradition - from midnight to dawn on Christmas Eve. W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hungary to the north, Romania to the northeast, Bulgaria to the southeast, North Macedonia to the south, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west, and Montenegro to the southwest, and claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo. Serbia without Kosovo has about 6.7 million inhabitants, about 8.4 million if Kosvo is included. Its capital Belgrade is also the largest city. Continuously inhabited since the Paleolithic Age, the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations in the 6th century, establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine, Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Didukh
A ''didukh'' ( uk, дідух), is a Ukrainian Christmas decoration; made from a sheaf of wheat, it is a symbolic sacrifice taken from the autumn harvest. "''Didukh''" literally means " grandfather spirit". ''Didukhy'' are traditionally made from the first or the last stalks of wheat reaped during the year. They symbolize the household's wish for an abundance of nature and a bountiful harvest for the upcoming year. Before the holidays, wheat ears or stalks are gathered with colorful threads, then the bunches are tied with ribbons. A didukh is placed in most Ukrainian homes before Christmas, and kept until Masnytsia. Spiritual meaning It is believed that the spirits of the household's ancestors reside in didukh during the holidays Retrieved 27 April 2013 While it is at a place of honor inside the house, the souls of all ances ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sheaf (agriculture)
A sheaf (/ʃiːf/) is a bunch of cereal-crop stems bound together after reaping, traditionally by sickle, later by scythe or, after its introduction in 1872, by a mechanical reaper-binder. Traditional hand-reapers, using scythes and working as a team, cut a field of grain clockwise, starting from an outside edge and finishing in the middle. Scything leaves a windrow of cut stems to the left of the reaper and, if cut skillfully, leaves the seed heads more or less aligned. These are then picked up and tied into sheaves by the sheavers, who traditionally use other cut stems as ties. These sheavers, or a following team, then stand the sheaves up in stooks to dry. Three to eight sheaves make up each stook, which forms a self-supporting A-frame with the grain-heads meeting at the top. This keeps the grain well ventilated, and off the ground allowing it to dry and discouraging vermin. The drying sheaves are later either placed by hand or pitched onto a cart. The traditional sheaf p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lemkos
Lemkos ( rue, Лeмкы, translit= Lemkŷ; pl, Łemkowie; uk, Лемки, translit=Lemky) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Lemko Region ( rue, Лемковина, translit=Lemkovyna; uk, Лемківщина, translit=Lemkivshchyna) of Carpathian Rus', an ethnographic region in the Carpathian Mountains and foothills spanning Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland. Their affiliation with other ethnicities is controversial. Some Lemkos consider their ethnos to be a sub-group of Rusyns (also called Carpatho-Rusyns or Carpatho-Ruthenians). Other Carpathian ethnic groups identifying as Rusyns include the Boykos and Hutsuls. Members of these groups have historically also been given other designations such as ''Verkhovyntsi'' (Highlanders). Among people of the Carpathian highlands, communities speaking the same dialect will identify with a different ethnic label when crossing borders due to the influence of state-sponsored education and media. As well the same community may switch its pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Current (stream)
A current in a stream is the flow of water influenced by gravity as the water moves downhill to reduce its potential energy. The current varies spatially as well as temporally within the stream, dependent upon the flow volume Volume is a measure of occupied three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). ... of water, stream gradient, and channel geometry. In tidal zones, the current and streams may reverse on the flood tide before resuming on the ebb tide. See also * * * * * * {{authority control Coastal geography Hydrology Rivers Water streams ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec. The Duchy of Bohemia was founded in the late 9th century under Great Moravia. It was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire in 1002 and became a kingdom in 1198. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule. With the dissolution of the Holy Empire in 1806, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moravian Slovakia
Moravian Slovakia ( cs, Slovácko, older ''Moravské Slovensko'') or Slovácko is a cultural region in the southeastern part of the Czech Republic, Moravia on the border with Slovakia and Austria, known for its characteristic folklore, music, wine, costumes and traditions. The area forms part of both the Zlín and South Moravian administrative regions. Its main centre is the town of Uherské Hradiště which is located on the Morava River. Other important towns include Uherský Brod, Břeclav, Hodonín, Strážnice and Kyjov. In the 9th century the region of Moravian Slovakia was the centre of the Great Moravian empire. Subregions Moravian Slovakia is divided into six subregions: Dolňácko, Horňácko, Podluží, Moravské Kopanice, Hanácké Slovácko and Luhačovické zálesí. Economy Moravian Slovakia is noted for its viticulture. Language Natives of this region speak the Eastern Moravian dialects of the Czech language, which are transitional dialects between Cz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech- oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Red List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern areas of temperate climates and in boreal climates. Description Birch species are generally small to medium-sized trees or shrubs, mostly of northern temperate and boreal climates. The simple leaves are alternate, singly or doubly serrate, feather-veined, petiolate and stipulate. They often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral branchlets. The fruit is a small samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the alders (''Alnus'', another genus in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Piceoideae. Spruces are large trees, from about 20 to 60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have whorled branches and conical form. They can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures ( pulvini or sterigmata) on the branches, and by their cones (without any protruding bracts), which hang downwards after they are pollinated. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth. Spruce are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (moth and butterfly) species, such as the eastern spruce bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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