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Proof-of-stake
Proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols are a class of consensus mechanisms for blockchains that work by selecting validators in proportion to their quantity of holdings in the associated cryptocurrency. This is done to avoid the computational cost of proof-of-work schemes. The first functioning use of PoS for cryptocurrency was Peercoin in 2012. Description For a blockchain transaction to be recognized, it must be appended to the blockchain. In the proof of stake blockchain the appending entities are named ''minters'' or (in the proof of work blockchains this task is carried out by the miners); in most protocols, the validators receive a reward for doing so. For the blockchain to remain secure, it must have a mechanism to prevent a malicious user or group from taking over a majority of validation. PoS accomplishes this by requiring that validators have some quantity of blockchain tokens, requiring potential attackers to acquire a large fraction of the tokens on the blockchain to mou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finality (blockchain)
A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that consists of growing lists of records, called ''blocks'', that are securely linked together using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree, where data nodes are represented by leaves). The timestamp proves that the transaction data existed when the block was created. Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a ''chain'' (compare linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks. Blockchains are typically managed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blockchain
A blockchain is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) that consists of growing lists of records, called ''blocks'', that are securely linked together using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree, where data nodes are represented by leaves). The timestamp proves that the transaction data existed when the block was created. Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a ''chain'' (compare linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks. Blockchains are typically managed by a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger, where nodes collectively adhere to a consen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethereum
Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality. Ether ( Abbreviation: ETH; sign: Ξ) is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. Among cryptocurrencies, ether is second only to bitcoin in market capitalization. Ethereum was conceived in 2013 by programmer Vitalik Buterin. Additional founders of Ethereum included Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, Anthony Di Iorio and Joseph Lubin. In 2014, development work began and was crowdfunded, and the network went live on 30 July 2015. Ethereum allows anyone to deploy permanent and immutable decentralized applications onto it, with which users can interact. Decentralized finance (DeFi) applications provide a broad array of financial services without the need for typical financial intermediaries like brokerages, exchanges, or banks, such as allowing cryptocurrency users to borrow against their holdings or lend them out for interest. Ethereum also allows users to create and exchange NFTs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peercoin
Peercoin, also known as Peer-to-Peer Coin, PP Coin, or PPC is a cryptocurrency utilizing both proof-of-stake and proof-of-work systems. History Peercoin is based on an August 2012 paper which listed the authors as Scott Nadal and Sunny King. King, who also created Primecoin Primecoin (Abbreviation: XPM; sign: Ψ) is a cryptocurrency that implements a proof-of-work system that searches for chains of prime numbers. History Primecoin was launched in 2013 by Sunny King, who also founded peercoin. Unlike other crypto ..., is a pseudonym. Peercoin was the first implementation of a proof-of-stake–based cryptocurrency. The Peercoin source code is distributed under the MIT/ X11 software license. Economics Peercoin uses both the proof-of-work and proof-of-stake algorithms. Both are used to spread the distribution of new coins. Up to 99% of all Peercoins is created with PoW. Proof-of-stake is used to secure the network: The chain with longest PoS coin age wins in case of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algorand
Algorand is a proof-of-stake blockchain cryptocurrency protocol. Algorand's native cryptocurrency is called ALGO. History Algorand was founded in 2017 by Silvio Micali, a professor at MIT. Algorand is composed of a company and a foundation. The Algorand Foundation manages ecosystem growth, award funding, cryptographic research primitives, on-chain governance and decentralization of the Algorand network, including nodes. The core development of the Algorand protocol is overseen by Algorand Inc., a private corporation based in Boston. The Algorand test network was launched to the public in April 2019, and the main network was launched in June 2019. Algorand, which has a negligible energy consumption per transaction, commits to be carbon-neutral, and even announced in April 2022 it was carbon-negative. Research The Algorand Foundation handles blockchain research for the project. It was led by cryptographer Tal Rabin Tal Rabin ( Hebrew: טל רבין, born 1962) is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardano (cryptocurrency Platform)
Cardano is a public blockchain platform. It is open-source and decentralized, with consensus achieved using proof of stake. It can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions with its internal cryptocurrency, ADA. Cardano's development began in 2015, led by Ethereum co-founder Charles Hoskinson. The project is overseen and supervized by the Cardano Foundation based in Zug, Switzerland. When launched in 2017, it was the largest cryptocurrency to use a proof-of-stake blockchain, which is seen as a greener alternative to proof-of-work protocols. Background Charles Hoskinson and Jeremy Wood set out their plans for Cardano in 2015, with the platform launching in 2017. Hoskinson had left Ethereum after a dispute with another co-founder, Vitalik Buterin. Hoskinson wanted to accept venture capital and create a company, while Buterin wanted to keep it as a nonprofit organization. After leaving, Hoskinson co-founded IOHK, a blockchain-engineering company, whose primary business is the develop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Double-spending
Double-spending is a fundamental flaw in a digital cash protocol in which the same single digital token can be spent more than once. Due to the nature of information space, in comparison to physical space (as in: valuable physical resources), a digital token (like a file) is inherently almost infinitely duplicable or falsifiable, leading to ownership of said token itself being undefinable unless declared so by a chosen authority. As with counterfeit money, such double-spending leads to inflation by creating a new amount of copied currency that did not previously exist. Like all increasingly abundant resources, this devalues the currency relative to other monetary units or goods and diminishes user trust as well as the circulation and retention of the currency. Fundamental cryptographic techniques to prevent double-spending, while preserving anonymity in a transaction, are the introduction of an authority (and hence centralization) for blind signatures and, particularly in offli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEEE Communications Surveys And Tutorials
''IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Communications Society for tutorials and surveys covering all aspects of the communications field. The journal publishes both original articles and reprints of articles featured in other IEEE Communication Society journals. It was established in 1998 and the current editor-in-chief is Dusit (Tao) Niyato (Nanyang Technological University The Nanyang Technological University (NTU) is a national research university in Singapore. It is the second oldest autonomous university in the country and is considered as one of the most prestigious universities in the world by various in ...). References External links * IEEE Communications Society Communications Surveys and Tutorials Quarterly journals English-language journals Publications established in 1998 Communication journals {{webzine-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IEEE Access
IEEE Access is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was established in 2013 and covers all IEEE fields of interest. The founding editor-in-chief was Michael Pecht (University of Maryland) and the current editor-in-chief is Derek Abbott ( University of Adelaide). The journal won a PROSE Award in 2015 for the best new journal in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The journal is gold open access and charges a $1,850 Article Processing Charge which is scheduled to rise to $1,950 in 2023. Special sections The journal hosts special sections that highlight a specific topic of general IEEE interest. Associate editors propose a concentration area that emphasizes applications-oriented and interdisciplinary topics. Together with the editorial staff a "Call for Papers" is then sent to academic and industrial researchers soliciting the submissions of manuscripts that identify and discuss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erik Thedéen
Erik Hilding Thedéen (born 1 September 1963) is a Swedish economist, business leader and civil servant, who served as Director General of the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority from 2015 to 2022. Since 1 January 2023 he serves as the Governor of Sveriges riksbank, the central bank of Sweden. After graduating from school in 1982, Thedéen completed his military service and continued his education at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy. Thedéen is a reserve officer in the Swedish Navy, trained for service on a patrol boat. Thedéen studied for a master's degree in economics at the Stockholm School of Economics The Stockholm School of Economics (SSE; sv, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, HHS) is a private business school located in city district Vasastaden in the central part of Stockholm, Sweden. SSE offers BSc, MSc and MBA programs, along wit ... 1985–1989. Thedéen has a history of roles in the financial industry, including roles as chief executive of KPA Pensi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Securities And Markets Authority
The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is an independent European Union Authority located in Paris. ESMA replaced the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) on 1 January 2011. It is one of the three new European Supervisory Authorities set up within the European System of Financial Supervisors. __TOC__ Overview ESMA works in the field of securities legislation and regulation to improve the functioning of financial markets in Europe, strengthening investor protection and co-operation between national competent authorities. The idea behind ESMA is to establish an "EU-wide financial markets watchdog". One of its main tasks is to regulate credit rating agencies. In 2010 credit rating agencies were criticized for the lack of transparency in their assessments and for a possible conflict of interest. At the same time, the impact of the assigned ratings became significant for companies and banks but also states. In October 2017, ESMA organised its firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bitcoin
Bitcoin ( abbreviation: BTC; sign: ₿) is a decentralized digital currency that can be transferred on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network. Bitcoin transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in 2009, when its implementation was released as open-source software. The word "''bitcoin''" was defined in a white paper published on October 31, 2008. It is a compound of the words ''bit'' and ''coin''. The legality of bitcoin varies by region. Nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, while a further fifteen have implicitly banned it. A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. El Salvador has adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, although use by merchants remains low. Ukraine has accepted cryptocurrency donations to fund the resistance to the 2022 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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