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Pronoun Game
"Playing the pronoun game" is the act of concealing sexual orientation in conversation by not using a gender-specific pronoun for a partner or a lover, which would reveal the sexual orientation of the person speaking. Someone may employ the pronoun game when conversing with people to whom they have not " come out". In a situation in which revealing one's sexual orientation would have adverse consequences (such as the loss of a job), playing the pronoun game is seen to be a necessary act of concealment. The pronoun game involves avoiding reference to one's sexual orientation and allowing the listener's assumptions on the matter to prevail. It also involves not drawing the listener's attention to the fact that the sex of a pronoun's antecedent is not being specified. As such, playing the pronoun game involves *re-phrasing sentences such that they avoid the need for third-person singular sex-specific pronouns (e.g. "We decided to eat out," rather than "She and I decided to eat out." ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation is an enduring personal pattern of romantic attraction or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. Patterns are generally categorized under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexuality (experiencing no sexual attraction to others) is sometimes identified as the fourth category. These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as '' pansexual'' or '' polysexual'', or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". ''Androphilia'' and ''gynephilia'' are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spivak Pronoun
The Spivak pronouns 'e/em/eir' are a set of gender-neutral pronouns in English promoted on the virtual community ''LambdaMOO'' based on pronouns used in a book by American mathematician Michael Spivak. Though not in widespread use, they have been employed in writing for gender-neutral language by those who wish to avoid the standard terms ''he'', ''she'', or singular ''they''. History The precise history of the Spivak pronouns is unclear, since they appear to have been independently created multiple times. The first recorded use of the pronouns was in a January 1890 editorial by James Rogers, who derives ''e'', ''es'', and ''em'' from ''he'' and ''them'' in response to the proposed ''thon''.Rogers, James "That Impersonal Pronoun." Editorial. Comp. William Henry Hills '' The Writer'' Boston. Jan. 1890, 4th ed.: 12-13. ''Google Books''. Google. Web. Accessed 31 July 2014 Coincidentally, Scottish author David Lindsay (novelist), David Lindsay used the similar forms ''ae'' an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indy Week
''Indy Week'', formerly known as the ''Independent Weekly'' and originally the ''North Carolina Independent'', is a tabloid-format alternative weekly newspaper published in Durham, North Carolina, United States, and distributed throughout the Research Triangle area (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, and Cary) and counties ( Wake County, Durham County, Orange County, and Chatham County). Its first issue was published in April 1983. ''Indy Week'' is a member of the Association of Alternative Newsmedia and has a progressive, liberal political perspective. The ''Columbia Journalism Review'' has cited the newspaper for its "spine of steel." The print edition is published on Wednesdays. History The paper was founded in 1983 by Steve Schewel and was originally published as the ''North Carolina Independent'' and was bi-weekly. Its publisher was Carolina Independent Publications, Inc. It was renamed the ''Independent'' effective March 1985. In April 1988 the ''Independent'' publis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lavender Linguistics
LGBTQ linguistics is the study of language as used by members of LGBTQ communities. Related or synonymous terms include lavender linguistics, advanced by William Leap in the 1990s, which "encompass sa wide range of everyday language practices" in LGBTQ communities, and queer linguistics, which refers to the linguistic analysis concerning the effect of heteronormativity on expressing sexual identity through language. The former term derives from the longtime association of the color lavender with LGBTQ communities. "Language", in this context, may refer to any aspect of spoken or written linguistic practices, including speech patterns and pronunciation, use of certain vocabulary, and, in a few cases, an elaborate alternative lexicon such as Polari. History Early studies in the field of LGBTQ linguistics were dominated by the concept of distinct "lavender lexicons" such as that recorded by Gershon Legman in 1941. In 1995, William Leap, whose work incorporates LGBTQ culture ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender-neutral Pronoun
A third-person pronoun is a pronoun that refers to an entity other than the speaker or listener. Some languages, such as Slavic, with gender-specific pronouns have them as part of a grammatical gender system, a system of agreement where most or all nouns have a value for this grammatical category. A few languages with gender-specific pronouns, such as English, Afrikaans, Defaka, Khmu, Malayalam, Tamil, and Yazgulyam, lack grammatical gender; in such languages, gender usually adheres to " natural gender", which is often based on biological sex. Other languages, including most Austronesian languages, lack gender distinctions in personal pronouns entirely, as well as any system of grammatical gender. In languages with pronominal gender, problems of usage may arise in contexts where a person of unspecified or unknown social gender is being referred to but commonly available pronouns are gender-specific. Different solutions to this issue have been proposed and used in various l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender Neutrality In Languages With Grammatical Gender
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender is the usage of wording that is balanced in its treatment of the genders in a non-grammatical sense. For example, advocates of gender-neutral language challenge the traditional use of masculine nouns and pronouns (e.g. "man" and "he") when referring to two or more genders or to a person of an unknown gender in most Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. This stance is often inspired by feminist ideas about gender equality. Gender neutrality is also used colloquially when one wishes to be inclusive of people who identify as non-binary genders or as genderless. Overview Languages with grammatical gender, such as French, German, Greek, and Spanish, present unique challenges when it comes to creating gender-neutral language. Unlike genderless languages like English, constructing a gender-neutral sentence can be difficult or impossible in these languages due to the use of gendered nouns and pronouns. For example, in Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feminist Language Reform
Feminist language reform or feminist language planning refers to the effort, often of political and grassroots movements, to change how language is used to gender people, activities and ideas on an individual and societal level. This initiative has been adopted in countries such as Sweden, Switzerland and Australia. History Linguistic activism and feminist authorship stemming from second wave feminism in the 1960s and 70s began to draw attention to gender bias in language, including "the uncovering of the gendered nature of many linguistic rules and norms". Feminists attended conferences and, as a way of activism, they interrupted to point out they were not feeling included because of linguistic uses. Scholarship such as Dennis Baron's ''Grammar and Gender'' and Anne Bodine's "Androcentrism in Prescriptive Grammar" uncovered historical male regulation to promote male-centric language such as the use of " he" as a generic pronoun. In the 1970s sexism in language was a topic of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closeted
''Closeted'' and ''in the closet'' are metaphors for LGBTQ people who have not disclosed their sexual orientation or gender identity and aspects thereof, including sexual identity and sexual behavior. This metaphor is associated and sometimes combined with coming out, the act of revealing one's sexuality or gender to others, to create the phrase "coming out of the closet". Some reasons why LGBTQ people stay closeted include discrimination, fear for one's safety, internalized homophobia or transphobia or living in a hostile environment. Etymology Nondisclosure of one's sexual orientation or gender identity preceded the use of "closet" as a term for the act. For example, the writer Thomas Mann entered a heterosexual marriage with a woman in 1905, and had six children, but discussed his attraction to men in his private diary, which by contemporary terms would have designated him a closeted homosexual man. D. Travers Scott claims that the phrase "coming out of the closet", alon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cincinnati CityBeat
''Cincinnati CityBeat'' is an independent local arts and issues publication covering the Cincinnati, Ohio area. History ''CityBeat'' was founded in November 1994. It was backed by local entrepreneur Thomas Schiff and co-founded by John Fox, who left his editor position at '' Everybody's News'' (at that point Cincinnati's only print source for independent news) to start the paper. ''CityBeat'' has won numerous national, statewide and local journalism and design awards, most recently being named Best Weekly Paper in the state of Ohio in 2005 by the Society of Professional Journalists. In 2012, ''CityBeat'' was acquired by SouthComm Communications. In 2018, it was sold to Euclid Media Group. The company dissolved in August 2023 the newspaper was sold to Chris Keating, operating under the name Big Lou Holdings LLC. Affiliations ''CityBeat'' is a member of the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies The Association of Alternative Newsmedia (AAN) is a trade association of alte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neopronoun
Neopronouns are neologistic third-person personal pronouns beyond those that already exist in a language. In English, neopronouns replace the existing pronouns " he", " she", and "they". Neopronouns are preferred by some non-binary individuals who feel that they provide options to reflect their gender identity more accurately than conventional pronouns. Neopronouns may be words created to serve as pronouns, such as " ze/ hir", or derived from existing words and turned into personal pronouns, such as " fae/ faer". Some neopronouns allude to they/them, such as " ey/ em", a form of Spivak pronoun. An online survey by The Trevor Project in 2020 found that 4% of the surveyed LGBTQ youth aged 13–24 used neopronouns. History Singular they had emerged by the 14th century as a third-person pronoun, about a century after the plural ''they'',' and is first attested in the 14th-century poem '' William and the Werewolf''. Neopronouns were not coined until the 18th century. One of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Preferred Gender Pronoun
Preferred gender pronouns (also called personal gender pronouns, often abbreviated as PGP) are the set of pronouns (in English, third-person pronouns) that an individual wants others to use to reflect that person's own gender identity. In English, when declaring one's chosen pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns (e.g., ''he/him'', ''she/her'', ''they/them''), although sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated (e.g., ''she/her/hers'', ''he/him/his'', ''they/them/theirs''). The pronouns chosen may include neopronouns such as ''ze'' and ''zir''. Preferred personal pronouns were recognized as the word of the year 2019 by the American Dialect Society. Rationale and use In English, when declaring one's pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns, for example ''he/him'', ''she/her'', or ''they/them''; sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated (''she/her/hers'', ''he/him/his'', or ''they/them/their/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Singular They
Singular ''they'', along with its inflected or derivative forms, ''them'', ''their'', ''theirs'', and ''themselves'' (also ''themself'' and ''theirself''), is a gender-neutral third-person pronoun derived from plural they. It typically occurs with an indeterminate antecedent, to refer to an unknown person, or to refer to every person of some group, in sentences such as: This use of singular ''they'' had emerged by the 14th century, about a century after the plural ''they''. Singular ''they'' has been criticised since the mid-18th century by prescriptive commentators who consider it an error. Its continued use in modern standard English has become more common and formally accepted with the move toward gender-neutral language. Some early-21st-century style guides described it as colloquial and less appropriate in formal writing. However, by 2020, most style guides accepted the singular ''they'' as a personal pronoun. In the early 21st century, use of singular ''the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
