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Post-hoc Analysis
''Post hoc'' (sometimes written as ''post-hoc'') is a Latin phrase, meaning "after this" or "after the event". ''Post hoc'' may refer to: *Post hoc analysis, ''Post hoc'' analysis or ''post hoc'' test, statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen *Post hoc theorizing, ''Post hoc'' theorizing, generating hypotheses based on data already observed *''Post hoc ergo propter hoc'' (after this, therefore because of this), a logical fallacy of causation * Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (The West Wing), "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc" (''The West Wing''), an episode of the television series ''The West Wing'' See also * Propter hoc (other), ''Propter hoc'' (other) * A priori and a posteriori, ''A priori'' and ''a posteriori'', Latin phrases used in philosophy meaning "from earlier" and "from later" *''Ex post'', Latin phrase meaning "after the event" *''Ad hoc'', a solution designed for a specific problem or task, Latin meaning "for this" {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post Hoc Analysis
In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin ''post hoc'', "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen. They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is significant. This typically creates a multiple testing problem because each potential analysis is effectively a statistical test. Multiple testing procedures are sometimes used to compensate, but that is often difficult or impossible to do precisely. Post hoc analysis that is conducted and interpreted without adequate consideration of this problem is sometimes called '' data dredging'' (''p''-hacking) by critics because the statistical associations that it finds are often spurious. Post hoc analyses are not inherently bad or good; rather, the main requirement for their ethical use is simply that their results not be mispresented as the original hypothesis. Modern editions of scientific manu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post Hoc Theorizing
In statistics, hypotheses suggested by a given dataset, when tested with the same dataset that suggested them, are likely to be accepted even when they are not true. This is because circular reasoning (double dipping) would be involved: something seems true in the limited data set; therefore we hypothesize that it is true in general; therefore we wrongly test it on the same, limited data set, which seems to confirm that it is true. Generating hypotheses based on data already observed, in the absence of testing them on new data, is referred to as ''post hoc'' theorizing (from Latin ''post hoc'', "after this"). The correct procedure is to test any hypothesis on a data set that was not used to generate the hypothesis. The general problem Testing a hypothesis suggested by the data can very easily result in false positives (type I errors). If one looks long enough and in enough different places, eventually data can be found to support any hypothesis. Yet, these positive data do not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
''Post hoc ergo propter hoc'' (Latin: 'after this, therefore because of this') is an informal fallacy that states "Since event Y ''followed'' event X, event Y must have been ''caused'' by event X." It is a fallacy in which an event is presumed to have been caused by a closely preceding event merely on the grounds of temporal succession. This type of reasoning is fallacious because mere temporal succession does not establish a causal connection. It is often shortened simply to ''post hoc fallacy''. A logical fallacy of the questionable cause variety, it is subtly different from the fallacy '' cum hoc ergo propter hoc'' ('with this, therefore because of this'), in which two events occur simultaneously or the chronological ordering is insignificant or unknown. Post hoc is a logical fallacy in which one event seems to be the cause of a later event because it occurred earlier. ''Post hoc'' is a particularly tempting error because correlation sometimes appears to suggest causality. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (The West Wing)
The first season of the American political drama television series ''The West Wing'' aired in the United States on NBC from September 22, 1999, to May 17, 2000, and consisted of 22 episodes. Cast Main cast * Rob Lowe as Sam Seaborn, Deputy White House Communications Director * Moira Kelly as Mandy Hampton, Media Consultant * Dulé Hill as Charlie Young, Personal Aide to the President * Allison Janney as C. J. Cregg, White House Press Secretary * Richard Schiff as Toby Ziegler, White House Communications Director * John Spencer as Leo McGarry, White House Chief of Staff * Bradley Whitford as Josh Lyman, White House Deputy Chief of Staff * Martin Sheen as Josiah Bartlet, President of the United States Recurring cast * Janel Moloney as Donna Moss, assistant to Josh Lyman * Nicole Robinson as Margaret Hooper, Assistant to Chief of Staff McGarry * Kathryn Joosten as Dolores Landingham, President Bartlet's executive secretary * Timothy Busfield as Danny Concannon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propter Hoc (other)
Propter hoc may refer to: * '' Cum hoc ergo propter hoc'' (Latin: "with this, therefore because of this"), an informal fallacy suggesting that when two events happen together, one must cause the other * ''Post hoc ergo propter hoc ''Post hoc ergo propter hoc'' (Latin: 'after this, therefore because of this') is an informal fallacy that states "Since event Y ''followed'' event X, event Y must have been ''caused'' by event X." It is a fallacy in which an event is presumed to ...'' (Latin: "after this, therefore because of this"), an informal fallacy suggesting that when an event follows another event, the earlier event caused the later one * "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc" (''The West Wing''), an episode of the television series ''The West Wing'' See also * Post hoc (other) {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A Priori And A Posteriori
('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics,Some associationist philosophers have contended that mathematics comes from experience and is not a form of any ''a priori'' knowledge () tautologies and deduction from pure reason. Galen Strawson has stated that an argument is one in which "you can see that it is true just lying on your couch. You don't have to get up off your couch and go outside and examine the way things are in the physical world. You don't have to do any science." () knowledge depends on empirical evidence. Examples include most fields of science and aspects of personal knowledge. The terms originate from the analytic methods found in '' Organon'', a collection of works by Aristotle. Prior analytics () is about deductive logic, which comes from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
