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Polarization Patterns
Polarization or polarisation may refer to: Mathematics *Polarization of an Abelian variety, in the mathematics of complex manifolds *Polarization of an algebraic form, a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables *Polarization identity, expresses an inner product in terms of its associated norm *Polarization (Lie algebra) Physical sciences *Polarization (physics), the ability of waves to oscillate in more than one direction; polarization of light allows the glare-reducing effect of polarized sunglasses **Polarization (antenna), the state of polarization (in the above sense) of electromagnetic waves transmitted by or received by a radio antenna *Dielectric polarization, charge separation in insulating materials: **Polarization density, volume dielectric polarization **Dipolar polarization, orientation of permanent dipoles **Ionic polarization, displacement of ions in a crystal **Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization, slow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abelian Variety
In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, complex analysis and algebraic number theory, an abelian variety is a smooth Algebraic variety#Projective variety, projective algebraic variety that is also an algebraic group, i.e., has a group law that can be defined by regular functions. Abelian varieties are at the same time among the most studied objects in algebraic geometry and indispensable tools for research on other topics in algebraic geometry and number theory. An abelian variety can be defined by equations having coefficients in any Field (mathematics), field; the variety is then said to be defined ''over'' that field. Historically the first abelian varieties to be studied were those defined over the field of complex numbers. Such abelian varieties turn out to be exactly those Complex torus, complex tori that can be holomorphic, holomorphically embedded into a complex projective space. Abelian varieties defined over algebraic number fields are a special case, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vacuum Polarization
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). It is analogous to the electric polarization of dielectric materials, but in vacuum without the need of a medium. The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well-understood background effects. Vacuum polarization, referred to below as the one loop contribution, occurs with leptons (electron–positron pairs) or quarks. History Vacuum polarization was first discussed in papers by Paul Dirac and Werner Heisenberg in 1934. After developments in radar equipment for World War II resulted in higher accuracy for measuring the energy levels of the h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polarity (other)
Polarity may refer to: Science * Electrical polarity, direction of electrical current *Polarity (mutual inductance), the relationship between components such as transformer windings *Polarity (projective geometry), in mathematics, a duality of order two * Polarity in embryogenesis, the animal and vegetal poles within a blastula *Cell polarity, differences in the shape, structure, and function of cells *Chemical polarity, in chemistry, a separation of electric charge * Magnetic polarity, north or south poles of a magnet * Polar reciprocation, a concept in geometry also known as polarity * Trilinear polarity, a concept in geometry of the triangle *Polarity of a literal, in mathematical logic Humanities *Polarity (international relations), a description of the distribution of power within the international system * Polarity of gender, when a word takes the opposite grammatical gender than expected *Polarity item In grammar and linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polar Opposite (other)
A polar opposite is the diametrically opposite point of a circle or sphere. It is mathematically known as an antipodal point, or antipode when referring to the Earth. It is also an idiom often used to describe binary oppositions. Polar Opposite or Polar Opposites may also refer to: * '' Polar Opposite'', a 2011 EP by Sick Puppies * ''Polar Opposites'', a 2000 album by Junior Pantherz * "Polar Opposites", an episode of the television series ''The Wild Thornberrys'' * "Polar Opposites", an episode of the television series ''Tanked'' * ''Polar Opposites'', a 2008 film written by Paolo Mazzucato and directed by Fred Olen Ray * "Polar Opposites", a song by Modest Mouse from the album '' The Lonesome Crowded West'' * "Polar Opposites", a song by Drake from the album '' For All the Dogs'' See also * Polarization (other) * Opposite (other) * Apples and oranges A comparison of apples and oranges occurs when two items or groups of items are compared that cannot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polar (other)
Polar may refer to: Geography * Geographical pole, either of the two points on Earth where its axis of rotation intersects its surface ** Polar climate, the climate common in polar regions ** Polar regions of Earth, locations within the polar circles, referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic Places * Polar, Wisconsin, town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States ** Polar (community), Wisconsin, unincorporated community in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States Arts, entertainment and media * ''Polar'' (webcomic), a webcomic and series of graphic novels by Víctor Santos * ''Polar'' (film), a 2019 Netflix film adaption of the above comic series * ''Polar'', a 2002 novel by T. R. Pearson Music * Polar Music, a record label * Polar Studios, music studio of ABBA in Sweden * ''Polar'' (album), second album by the High Water Marks * ''Polars'' (album), an album by the Dutch metal band, Textures Brands and enterprises * Polar Air Cargo, an American airline * Polar Air ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Continuum (measurement)
Continuum (: continua or continuums) theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different states. In physics In physics, for example, the space-time continuum model describes space and time as part of the same continuum rather than as separate entities. A spectrum in physics, such as the electromagnetic spectrum, is often termed as either continuous (with energy at all wavelengths) or discrete (energy at only certain wavelengths). In contrast, quantum mechanics uses quanta, certain defined amounts (i.e. categorical amounts) which are distinguished from continuous amounts. In mathematics and philosophy A good introduction to the philosophical issues involved is John Lane Bell's essay in the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. A significant divide is provided by the law of excluded middle. It determ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polarization (album)
''Polarization'' is an album by American jazz trombonist and composer Julian Priester and Marine Intrusion recorded in January 1977 and released on ECM later that year. The sextet features saxophonist Ron Stallings and rhythm section Ray Obiedo, Curtis Clark, Heshima Mark Williams and Augusta Lee Collins.ECM discography accessed September 9, 2011 Reception The review by Richard S. Ginell says, "This is an often engaging record from a trombonist too seldom heard as a leader."Ginell, R. SAllmusic Review accessed September ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racial Polarization
Racial polarization is the process whereby a population of individuals with different ancestry is divided into separate and distinct racial groups. Bermuda In Bermuda, around 55% of the population is identified as black, followed by 34% white (further subdivided into a British-descended majority and a Portuguese-descended minority), while the remainder are mixed or other (chiefly Asian). Politically, the territory's two political parties are often described along racial lines, the United Bermuda Party (UBP) being supported by Bermuda's white minority, while the Progressive Labour Party (PLP) is supported by the black majority. In terms of popular support, few whites would not vote for the UBP (an April 2009 poll found that some 85% of whites would vote for the party, while only 4% would vote PLP), while black voters favoured the PLP (in the aforementioned poll, 62% of blacks would vote PLP and 14% UBP). White rejection of the PLP is often linked to repeated racist rhetoric fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Attitude Polarization
In social psychology, group polarization refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be cautious. The phenomenon also holds that a group's attitude toward a situation may change in the sense that the individuals' initial attitudes have strengthened and intensified after group discussion, a phenomenon known as attitude polarization. Overview Group polarization is an important phenomenon in social psychology and is observable in many social contexts. For example, a group of women who hold moderately feminist views tend to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion. Similarly, studies have shown that after deliberating together, mock jury members often decided on punitive damage awards that were either larger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Polarization
Social polarization is the segregation within a society that emerges when factors such as income inequality, real-estate fluctuations and economic displacement result in the differentiation of social groups from high-income to low-income. It is a state and/or a tendency denoting the growth of groups at the extremities of the social hierarchy and the parallel shrinking of groups around its middle. An early body of research on social polarization was conducted by R.E. Pahl on the Isle of Sheppey, in which he provided a comparison between a pre-capitalist society and capitalist society. More recently, a number of research projects have been increasingly addressing the issues of social polarization within the developed economies. When social polarization occurs in addition to economic restructuring, particularly in cities, economic inequality along social class and racial lines is exacerbated. Such separation can be best observed in the urban environment, "where ommunitiesof extre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bipolarisation
Bipolarisation or bipolarization (American English) in politics, is a state where forces are organized around two rival powers, neither of which can dominate the other. Its application as a model for international relations has given rise to divergent analyses. International politics The term bipolarization was used to describe the division of the world during the Cold War (1947–1991) between the communist Eastern Bloc, centred on the USSR, and the capitalist Western Bloc. It also defines the state of international relations during this period, dominated by the confrontation between two superpowers, the United States against the USSR, and more broadly, between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This division of the world between two poles was contested by the Non-Aligned Movement, which emerged from the Bandung Conference in 1955. Some analysts believe that after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the bipolar system that emerged from the Cold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |