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Phycomyces Blakesleeanus
''Phycomyces blakesleeanus'' is a filamentous fungus in the Order Mucorales of the phylum Zygomycota or subphylum Mucoromycotina. The spore-bearing sporangiophores of ''Phycomyces'' are very sensitive to different environmental signals including light, gravity, wind, chemicals, and adjacent objects. They exhibit phototropic growth: most ''Phycomyces'' research has focused on sporangiophore photobiology, such as phototropism and photomecism ('light growth response'). Metabolic, developmental, and photoresponse mutants have been isolated, some of which have been genetically mapped. At least ten different genes (named ''madA'' through to ''madJ'') are required for phototropism. The ''madA'' gene encodes a protein related to the White Collar-1 class of photoreceptors that are present in other fungi, while ''madB'' encodes a protein related to the White Collar-2 protein that physically bind to White collar 1 to participate in the responses to light. ''Phycomyces'' also exhibits a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Edmund Nicola Burgeff
Hans Edmund Nicola Burgeff (19 April 1883 – 27 September 1976) was a German botanist. He was father of the sculptor and medal engraver Hans Karl Burgeff. References 1883 births 1976 deaths 20th-century German botanists {{Germany-botanist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungus
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucorales
The Mucorales is the largest and best-studied order of zygomycete fungi. Members of this order are sometimes called pin molds. The term mucormycosis is now preferred for infections caused by molds belonging to the order Mucorales. Systematics The order includes: 11 families, 56 genera, and approximately 300 species. Mucoralean classification has traditionally been based on morphological, developmental, and ecological characteristics. Recently, molecular data has revealed that some aspects of traditional classification are quite artificial. For example, the Mucoraceae is believed to be polyphyletic, as are the Thamnidiaceae, Chaetocladiaceae and Radiomycetaceae. Some of the genera, (including '' Mucor'', ''Absidia'' and '' Backusella'') appear to be polyphyletic. Today, the traditional system is still largely in use, as further studies are needed to reconcile morphological and molecular concepts of families and genera. Families The order consists of the following fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygomycota
Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former phylum, division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi. The members are now part of two Phylum, phyla: the Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycotina, Zoopagomycota. Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocyte, coenocytic, forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. Zygomycota is no longer recognised as it was not believed to be truly monophyletic. Etymology The name ''Zygomycota'' refers to the zygosporangium, zygosporangia characteristically formed by the members of this clade, in which resistant spherical Zygospore, spores are formed during sexual reproduction. ''Zygos'' is Greek language, Greek for "joining" or "a yoke", referring to the fusion of two hyphae, hyphal strands which produces t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucoromycotina
Mucoromycotina is a subphylum of uncertain placement in Fungi. It was considered part of the phylum Zygomycota, but recent phylogenetic studies have shown that it was polyphyletic and thus split into several groups, it is now thought to be a paraphyletic grouping. Mucoromycotina is currently composed of 3 orders, 61 genera, and 325 species. Some common characteristics seen throughout the species include: development of coenocytic mycelium, saprotrophic lifestyles, and filamentous. With the treatment of Tedersoo et al. 2018, Mucoromycotina is the only subphylum under Mucoromycota. It includes a diverse group of various molds, including the common bread molds '' Mucor'' and '' Rhizopus''. The other treatment of Mucoromycota is equivalent to current Mucoromyceta. History Zygomycete fungi were originally only ascribed to the phylum Zygomycota. Such classifications were based on physiological characteristics with little genetic support. A genetic study of Zygomycete fungi perform ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photobiology
Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) in living organisms. The field includes the study of photophysics, photochemistry, photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, visual processing, circadian rhythms, photomovement, bioluminescence, and ultraviolet radiation effects. The division between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation is typically considered to be a photon energy greater than 10 eV, which approximately corresponds to both the first ionization energy of oxygen, and the ionization energy of hydrogen at about 14 eV. When photons come into contact with molecules, these molecules can absorb the energy in photons and become excited. Then they can react with molecules around them and stimulate " photochemical" and "photophysical" changes of molecular structures. Photophysics This area of Photobiology focuses on the physical interactions of light and matter. When molecules absorb photon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phototropism
In biology, phototropism is the growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus. Phototropism is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light contain a hormone called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the furthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms, or movements, which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism. Negative phototropism is not to be confused with skototropism, which is defined as the growth towards darkness, whereas negative phototropism can refer to either the growth away from a light source or towards the darkness. Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth.G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Collar-1
White Collar-1 (''wc''-1) is a gene in ''Neurospora crassa'' encoding the protein WC-1 (127 kDa). WC-1 has two separate roles in the cell. First, it is the primary photoreceptor for ''Neurospora'' and the founding member of the class of principle blue light photoreceptors in all of the fungi. Second, it is necessary for regulating circadian rhythms in FRQ. It is a key component of a circadian molecular pathway that regulates many behavioral activities, including conidiation. WC-1 and WC-2, an interacting partner of WC-1, comprise the White Collar Complex (WCC) that is involved in the ''Neurospora ''circadian clock. WCC is a complex of nuclear transcription factor proteins, and contains transcriptional activation domains, PAS domains, and zinc finger DNA-binding domains ( GATA). WC-1 and WC-2 heterodimerize through their PAS domains to form the White Collar Complex (WCC). Discovery The ''Neurospora ''circadian clock was discovered in 1959, when Pittendrigh et al. first descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Collar-2
The ''white collar-''-2 (''wc-''2) gene in ''Neurospora crassa'' encodes the protein White Collar-2 (WC-2). WC-2 is a GATA transcription factor necessary for blue light photoreception and for regulating circadian rhythms in ''Neurospora''. In both contexts, WC-2 binds to its non-redundant counterpart White Collar-1 (WC-1) through PAS domains to form the White Collar Complex (WCC), an active transcription factor. The WCC has two major and distinct roles in the cell. In the light, the WCC acts as a photoreceptor to mediate acute regulation of light-induced genes involved in various physiological processes such as carotenoid (type of pigment) biosynthesis and conidiation. In a separate and distinct role in the dark, WCC acts as the positive element in the autoregulatory transcription-translation negative feedback loop that controls circadian rhythmic behaviors in ''Neurospora''. In this context, WCC regulates expression of the Frequency (FRQ) gene, a light-induced clock protein. Dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Max Delbrück
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (; September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German–American biophysicist who participated in launching the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s. He stimulated physical science, physical scientists' interest into biology, especially as to basic research to physically explain genes, mysterious at the time. Formed in 1945 and led by Delbrück along with Salvador Luria and Alfred Hershey, the Phage Group made substantial headway unraveling important aspects of genetics. The three shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969" , Nobel Media AB 2013, ''Nobelprize.org'', Web access November 6, 2013 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
