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Photorealistic Rendering
__NOTOC__ In computer graphics, unbiased rendering or photorealistic rendering are Rendering (computer graphics), rendering techniques that avoid systematic errors, or Bias (statistics), statistical bias, in computing an image’s radiance. Bias in this context means inaccuracies like dimmer light or missing effects such as soft shadows, caused by approximations. Unbiased methods, such as path tracing and its derivatives, simulate real-world lighting and shading with full physical accuracy. In contrast, biased methods, including traditional Ray tracing (graphics), ray tracing, sacrifice precision for speed by using approximations that introduce errors—often seen as blur. This blur reduces variance (random noise) by averaging light samples, enabling faster computation with fewer samples needed for a clean image. Mathematical definition In mathematical terms, an unbiased estimator's expected value (E) is the population mean, regardless of the number of observations. The Error, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infinity
Infinity is something which is boundless, endless, or larger than any natural number. It is denoted by \infty, called the infinity symbol. From the time of the Ancient Greek mathematics, ancient Greeks, the Infinity (philosophy), philosophical nature of infinity has been the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the introduction of the infinity symbol and the infinitesimal calculus, mathematicians began to work with infinite series and what some mathematicians (including Guillaume de l'Hôpital, l'Hôpital and Johann Bernoulli, Bernoulli) regarded as infinitely small quantities, but infinity continued to be associated with endless processes. As mathematicians struggled with the foundation of calculus, it remained unclear whether infinity could be considered as a number or Magnitude (mathematics), magnitude and, if so, how this could be done. At the end of the 19th century, Georg Cantor enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maxwell Render
Maxwell Render is an unbiased 3D render engine, developed by Next Limit Technologies in Madrid, Spain. This stand-alone software is used in the film, animation, and VFX industry, as well as in architectural and product design visualization. It offers various plug-ins for 3D/ CAD and post production applications. Overview Maxwell Render was released to the public as an early alpha in December 2004 (after two years of internal development) utilizing a global illumination (GI) algorithm based on a metropolis light transport variation. Next Limit Technologies released its latest version of Maxwell Render V4.2 in February 2018. The physically correct rendering engine was originally used as a tool for animation and visual effects. Maxwell Render's trademark Multilight feature, which permits the changing of light intensities and colors in real time, was used in the feature film '' The Curious Case of Benjamin Button''. General features Physically-based advantages * Accuracy * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Houdini (software)
Houdini is a 3D animation software application developed by Toronto-based SideFX, who adapted it from the PRISMS suite of procedural generation software tools. The procedural tools are used to produce different effects such as complex reflections, animations and particles system. Some of its procedural features have been in existence since 1987. Houdini is most commonly used for the creation of visual effects in film and television. It is used by major VFX companies such as Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, DreamWorks Animation, Double Negative, ILM, MPC, Framestore, Sony Pictures Imageworks, Illumination Studios Paris, Scanline VFX, Method Studios and The Mill. It has been used in many feature animation productions, including Disney's feature films '' Fantasia 2000'', '' Frozen'', '' Zootopia'' and '' Raya and the Last Dragon''; the Blue Sky Studios film '' Rio'', and DNA Productions' '' Ant Bully''. SideFX also publishes Houdini Apprentice, a limited vers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LuxRender
LuxCoreRender is a free and open-source physically based rendering software. It began as ''LuxRender'' in 2008 before changing its name to LuxCoreRender in 2017 as part of a project reboot. The LuxCoreRender software runs on Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows. Overview LuxCoreRender features a 3D renderer; it relies on other programs ( 3D modeling programs) to create the scenes to render, including the models, materials, lights and cameras. This content can then be exported from the application for rendering. For Luxrender, fully functional exporters are available for Blender, Daz Studio; partially functional ones are available for Cinema 4D, Maya, SketchUp and XSI. Luxrender is also fully supported as a production renderer in 3DS Max. For LuxCoreRender, Blender is supported through the BlendLuxCore plugin. After opening the exported file, LuxCoreRender renders the scene. Various tweaks to post processing settings can be set via graphical user interface and the scene control fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kerkythea
Kerkythea is a standalone rendering system that supports raytracing and Metropolis light transport, uses physically accurate materials and lighting, and is distributed as freeware. Currently, the program can be integrated with any software that can export files in obj and 3ds formats, including 3ds Max, Blender, LightWave 3D, SketchUp, Silo and Wings3D. History Kerkythea started development in 2004 and released its first version in April 2005. Initially it was only compatible with Microsoft Windows, but an updated release in October 2005 made it Linux compatible. As of January 2016, it is also available for Mac OS X. In May 2009 it was announced that the development team started a new commercial renderer, although Kerkythea will be updated and it will stay free and available. A new version called 'Boost' has been released in 2013. In June 2018 the main developer announced the third version of Kerkythea called "Kerkythea 2018 Boost". Exporters There are 6 official exporter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blender (software)
Blender is a Free and open-source software, free and open-source 3D computer graphics software tool set that runs on Microsoft Windows, Windows, macOS, BSD, Haiku (operating system), Haiku, IRIX and Linux. It is used for creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D printing, 3D-printed models, motion graphics, interactive 3D applications, and virtual reality. It is also used in creating video games. Blender was used to produce the Academy Awards, Academy Award-winning film ''Flow (2024 film), Flow'' (2024). History Blender was initially developed as an in-house application by the Dutch animation studio NeoGeo (no relation to the Neo Geo, video game brand), and was officially launched on January 2, 1994. Version 1.00 was released in January 1995, with the primary author being the company co-owner and software developer Ton Roosendaal. The name ''Blender'' was inspired by a song by the Swiss electronic band Yello, from the album ''Baby (Yello album), Baby'', which NeoGeo used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arnold (software)
Autodesk Arnold (also known as simply Arnold) is a computer program for 3D rendering, rendering three-dimensional, computer-generated scenes using Unbiased rendering, unbiased, physically based rendering, physically-based, Monte Carlo path tracing techniques. Created in Spain by Marcos Fajardo, it was later co-developed by his company Solid Angle SL (now owned by Autodesk) and Sony Pictures Imageworks. Arnold is one of the most widely used Photorealism, photorealistic rendering systems in computer graphics worldwide, particularly in animation and Visual effects, VFX for film and television. Technology Originally written in C99 and progressively rewritten in C++, Arnold runs natively on x86 and Apple M1, Apple Central processing unit, CPUs, where it tries to take advantage of all available threads and SIMD lanes for optimal parallelism. Since March 2019 it supports Nvidia Nvidia RTX, RTX-powered Graphics processing unit, GPUs through the use of OptiX. Its Ray tracing (graphi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arion (software)
Arion is a physically based, unbiased render engine developed by RandomControl. Versions Arion standalone is a general purpose rendering tool with a visual UI. There are also versions that integrate into 3ds Max and Rhinoceros. See also * POV-Ray - A historical raytracer. * Octane Render - A commercial unbiased GPU-accelerated renderer. * Sunflow Sunflow is an open-source global illumination rendering system written in Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. Wi ... - An open source unbiased renderer. References External links * {{Official website, http://www.randomcontrol.com/arion Rendering systems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metropolis Light Transport
Metropolis light transport (MLT) is a global illumination application of a Monte Carlo method called the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to the rendering equation for generating images from detailed physical descriptions of 3D computer graphics, three-dimensional scenes. The procedure constructs paths from the eye to a light source using path tracing#Bidirectional path tracing, bidirectional path tracing, then constructs slight modifications to the path. Some careful statistical calculation (the Metropolis algorithm) is used to compute the appropriate distribution of brightness over the image. This procedure has the advantage, relative to bidirectional path tracing, that once a path has been found from light to eye, the algorithm can then explore nearby paths; thus difficult-to-find light paths can be explored more thoroughly with the same number of simulated photons. In short, the algorithm generates a path and stores the path's 'nodes' in a list. It can then modify the path by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Path Tracing
Path tracing is a rendering algorithm in computer graphics that Simulation, simulates how light interacts with Physical object, objects, voxels, and Volumetric_path_tracing, participating media to generate realistic (''physically plausible'') Raster graphics, images. This Ray_tracing_(graphics), ray tracing technique uses the Monte Carlo method to accurately model global illumination, simulate different surface characteristics, and capture a wide range of effects observable in a camera system, such as optical properties of lenses (e.g., depth of field and bokeh) or the impact of Shutter (photography), shutter speed (e.g., motion blur and Exposure_value, exposure). By incorporating Physically_based_rendering, physically accurate materials and Light_transport_theory, light transport models, it can produce Photorealism, photorealistic results but requires significant computational power. Performance is often constrained by Video random-access memory, VRAM/Random-access memory, RAM ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photon Mapping
In computer graphics, photon mapping is a two-pass global illumination rendering algorithm developed by Henrik Wann Jensen between 1995 and 2001Jensen, H. (1996). ''Global Illumination using Photon Maps''. nlineAvailable at: http://graphics.stanford.edu/~henrik/papers/ewr7/egwr96.pdf that approximately solves the rendering equation for integrating light radiance at a given point in space. Rays from the light source (like photons) and rays from the camera are traced independently until some termination criterion is met, then they are connected in a second step to produce a radiance value. The algorithm is used to realistically simulate the interaction of light with different types of objects (similar to other photorealistic rendering techniques). Specifically, it is capable of simulating the refraction of light through a transparent substance such as glass or water (including caustics), diffuse interreflection between illuminated objects, the subsurface scattering of light ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
