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Penutian
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language family, language families that includes many Native Americans in the United States, Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington (state), Washington, Oregon, and California. The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed. Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation. Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into a Utian languages, Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan. Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan languages, Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian languages, Yok-Utian family. There also seems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plateau Penutian Languages
Plateau Penutian (also Shahapwailutan, Lepitan, Plateau) is a family of languages spoken in northern California, reaching through central-western Oregon to northern Washington (state), Washington and central-northern Idaho. The family is accepted by Campbell (2024). Family division Plateau Penutian is hypothesized to consist of four languages: * Plateau Penutian ** Klamath-Modoc language, Klamath (a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc, Lutuami, Lutuamian) ** Molala language, Molala ** Sahaptian languages, Sahaptian *** Nez Percé language, Nez Percé *** Sahaptin language, Sahaptin History of proposal Plateau Penutian, as originally proposed, was one branch of the hypothetical Penutian languages, Penutian phylum as proposed by Edward Sapir. The original proposal also included Cayuse language, Cayuse (which was grouped with Molala into a Waiilatpuan branch); however, this language has little documentation and that which is documented is inadequately recorded. Thus, the status of Cayuse with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klamath–Modoc Language
Klamath (), also Klamath–Modoc () and historically Lutuamian (), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained, and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old. As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects; however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers. Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coast Oregon Penutian Languages
The Coast Oregon Penutian languages are a proposed family of three small languages or language clusters on the Oregon Coast that has moderate support. Although much of their similarity is demonstrably due to language contact, linguists such as Scott DeLancey believe they may be genealogically related at a greater time depth. They are part of the much more hypothetical Penutian proposal.DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997)The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect.''International Journal of American Linguistics'', 63(1), 171-202. Languages The Coast Oregon Penutian languages are: * Alsean languages, Alsean ** Yaquina, spoken on the central Oregon coast around Yaquina Bay & along the Yaquina River (central Oregon coast) by the Yaquina people **Alsea, spoken on the central Oregon coast around Alsea Bay and along the Alsea River, Alsea and Yachats River, Yachats rivers by the Alsea people * Siuslaw language, Siuslaw **Siuslaw dialect spoken on the central Oregon coast along the Siu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsimshianic Languages
The Tsimshianic languages are a family of languages spoken in northwestern British Columbia and in Southeast Alaska on Annette Island and Ketchikan. All Tsimshianic languages are endangered, some with only around 400 speakers. Only around 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian population in Canada still speak a Tsimshian language; about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in Alaska still speak Coast Tsimshian.Alaska Native Language Center. (2001-12-07)"Tsimshian." University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). (2005)"Tsimshian." Dallas, TX: SIL International Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Tsimshianic languages are considered by most linguists to be an independent language family, with four main languages: Coast T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nez Percé Language
Nez Perce, also spelled Nez Percé or called nimipuutímt (alternatively spelled ''nimiipuutímt'', ''niimiipuutímt'', or ''niimi'ipuutímt''), is a Sahaptian language related to the several dialects of Sahaptin (note the spellings ''-ian'' vs. ''-in''). Nez Perce comes from the French phrase , "pierced nose"; however, Nez Perce, who call themselves , meaning "the people", did not pierce their noses. This misnomer may have occurred as a result of confusion on the part of the French, as it was surrounding tribes who did so. The Sahaptian sub-family is one of the branches of the Plateau Penutian family (which, in turn, may be related to a larger Penutian grouping). It is spoken by the Nez Perce people of the Northwestern United States. Nez Perce is a highly endangered language. While sources differ on the exact number of fluent speakers, it is almost definitely under 100. The Nez Perce tribe is endeavoring to reintroduce the language into native usage through a language revita ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molala Language
Molala is an extinct language once spoken by the Molala people of Oregon. Currently it is included among the Plateau Penutian language family, with Klamath and Sahaptin being considered the closest related. Classification Waiilatpuan family The first written vocabulary of the Molala language was published by Horatio Hale in 1846. As a member of the United States Exploring Expedition, he had visited the Pacific Northwest in 1841. Missionary Marcus Whitman was credited for providing "much valuable information" about the Cayuse people and other natives nearby Waiilatpu. Hale also recorded a Cayuse language vocabulary with Whitman's assistance. In his Waiilatpuan language family, Hale put Cayuse and Molala as the sole members. In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a Molala speaker, had told Leo Frachtenberg that the following five words were identical in both Cayuse and Molala: : In 1929 Edward Sapir grouped Cayuse with Molala as part of the ''Waiilatpuan'' branch of the Plat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahaptian Languages
Sahaptian (also Sahaptianic, Sahaptin, Shahaptian) is a two-language branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken by Native American peoples in the Columbia Plateau region of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho in the northwestern United States. The terms ''Sahaptian'' (the family) and ''Sahaptin'' (the language) have often been confused and used interchangeably in the literature. Family division Sahaptian includes two languages: :1. Nez Perce (''Niimiipuutímt'') :2. Sahaptin Nez Perce has two principal dialects, Upper and Lower. Sahaptin has somewhat greater internal diversity, with its main dialects being Umatilla and Yakama. Noel Rude's (2012) classification of Sahaptian is as follows. *Proto-Sahaptian **Nez Perce ** Sahaptin ***''Columbia River The Columbia River (Upper Chinook language, Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin language, Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takelma Language
Takelma is the language that was spoken by the Latgawa and Takelma peoples and the Cow Creek band of Upper Umpqua, in Oregon, United States. The language was extensively described by the German-American linguist Edward Sapir in his graduate thesis, ''The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon'' (1912). Sapir's grammar together with his ''Takelma Texts'' (1909) are the main sources of information on the language. Both are based on work carried out in 1906 with language consultant Frances Johnson (Takelma name ), who lived on to become the last surviving fluent speaker. In 1934, with her death at the age of 99, the language became extinct. An English-Takelma dictionary is currently being created on the basis of printed sources with the aim of reviving the language. Name The commonly used English name of the language is derived from Ta:-kɛlm-àʔn, the self-name of the Takelma people, which means "those dwelling along the Rogue River ()". Dialects There were at least four Tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wintuan Languages
Wintuan (also Wintun, Wintoon, Copeh, Copehan) is a language family, family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California. All Wintuan languages are either extinct language, extinct or severely endangered language, endangered. Classification Family division William F. Shipley listed three Wintuan languages in his encyclopedic overview of California Indian languages. More recently, Marianne Mithun split Southern Wintuan into a Patwin language and a Southern Patwin language, resulting in the following classification. * Wintuan ** Northern Wintuan *** Wintu language, Wintu (a.k.a. Wintu proper, Northern Wintu) *** Nomlaki language, Nomlaki (a.k.a. Noamlakee, Central Wintu) ** Southern Wintuan *** Patwin language, Patwin (a.k.a. Patween) *** Southern Patwin language, Southern Patwin Wintu became extinct with the death of the last fluent speaker in 2003. , Nomlaki has at least one partial speaker. One speaker of Patwin (Hill Patwin dialect) remai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahaptin Language
Sahaptin (), also called Ichishkiin (; Umatilla language, Umatilla: , Yakama dialect, Yakama: ), is one of the two-language Sahaptian languages, Sahaptian branch of the Plateau Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the United States; the other language is Nez Perce language, Nez Perce (''Niimi'ipuutímt''). Sahaptin is spoken by various tribes of the Washington Reservations; Yakama, Warm Springs, Umatilla; and also spoken in many smaller communities such as Celilo Village, Oregon, Celilo, Oregon. The Yakama Nation tribal cultural resources program has been promoting the use of their traditional name of the language, ' ('this language'), instead of the Salish-derived name Sahaptin. Name Sahaptin is typically known as Ichiskiin in its various dialects. In the Yakama dialect, it is called , spelled variously , , , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yok-Utian Languages
Yok-Utian is a proposed language family of California. It consists of the Yokuts language and the Utian language family. While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to reconstruct their proto-languages in 1986,Whistler, Kenneth & Golla, Victor. (1986)Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered.''International Journal of American Linguistics, 52'', 317-358. it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by Geoffrey Gamble.Golla, Victor. (2011). ''California Indian Languages''. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 130, 147-168, 252-253. .Callaghan, Catherine. (1997)Evidence for Yok-Utian.''International Journal of American Linguistics, 63,'' 18-64. Yok-Utian has been further supported by Catherine Callaghan, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages.Callaghan, Catherine. (2001)More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Rean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalapuyan Languages
Kalapuyan (also Kalapuya) is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages. The Kalapuya language is currently in a state of revival. Kalapuyan descendants in the southernmost Kalapuya region of Yoncalla, Oregon, published 100 copies of a comprehensive dictionary, with plans to expand. Family division Kalapuyan consists of * Kalapuyan ** Northern Kalapuya (also known as Tualatin– Yamhill) ** Central Kalapuya (several dialects, including Santiam) ** Yoncalla (also known as Southern Kalapuya) Genetic relations Kalapuyan is usually connected with the various Penutian proposals. This was originally part of an ''Oregon Penutian'' branch along with Takelma, Siuslaw, Alsea and Coosan. A special relationship with Takelma had been proposed, together forming a " Takelma–Kalapuyan" or "Takelman" family. However, an unpublished paper by Tarpent & Kendall (1998) finds this relat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
