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PAK1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAK1'' gene. PAK1 is one of six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases which are broadly divided into group I (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) and group II (PAK4, PAK6 and PAK5/7). The PAKs are evolutionarily conserved. PAK1 localizes in distinct sub-cellular domains in the cytoplasm and nucleus. PAK1 regulates cytoskeleton remodeling, phenotypic signaling and gene expression, and affects a wide variety of cellular processes such as directional motility, invasion, metastasis, growth, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis. PAK1-signaling dependent cellular functions regulate both physiologic and disease processes, including cancer, as PAK1 is widely overexpressed and hyperstimulated in human cancer, at-large. Discovery PAK1 was first discovered as an effector of the Rho GTPases in rat brain by Manser and colleagues in 1994. The human PAK1 was identified as a GTP-dependent interacting partner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CDC42
Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42 or CDC42) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CDC42'' gene. Cdc42 is involved in regulation of the cell cycle. It was originally identified in ''S. cerevisiae'' (yeast) as a mediator of cell division, and is now known to influence a variety of signaling events and cellular processes in a variety of organisms from yeast to mammals. Function Human Cdc42 is a small GTPase of the Rho family, which regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including cell morphology, cell migration, endocytosis, cell polarity and cell cycle progression. Rho GTPases are central to dynamic actin cytoskeletal assembly and rearrangement that are the basis of cell-cell adhesion and migration. Activated Cdc42 activates by causing conformational changes in p21-activated kinases PAK1 and PAK2, which in turn initiate actin reorganization and regulate cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. Structure Cdc42 is a homodim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PAK4
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAK4'' gene. PAK4 is one of six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases which are divided into group I (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) and group II (PAK4, PAK6 and PAK5/7). PAK4 localizes in sub-cellular domains of the cytoplasm and nucleus. PAK4 regulates cytoskeleton remodeling, phenotypic signaling and gene expression, and affects directional motility, invasion, metastasis, and growth. Similar to PAK1, PAK4-signaling-dependent cellular functions also regulate both physiologic and disease processes such as cancer, as PAK4 is overexpressed and/or hyperstimulated in human cancer, at-large. Discovery PAK4, the founding member of Group II PAK member, was cloned and identified by Minden A. and colleagues in 1998 using a PCR-based strategy from a cDNA library prepared from Jurkett cells. Gene and spliced variants The group II PAKs have less coding exons compared with group I PAKs, highlight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C-Raf
RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, also known as proto-oncogene c-RAF or simply c-Raf or even Raf-1, is an enzyme that in humans is genetic code, encoded by the ''RAF1'' gene. The c-Raf protein is part of the MAPK/ERK pathway, ERK1/2 pathway as a MAP kinase (MAP3K) that functions downstream of the Ras subfamily of membrane associated GTPases. C-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, from the TKL (Tyrosine-kinase-like) group of kinases. Discovery The first Raf gene, v-Raf was found in 1983. It was isolated from the murine retrovirus bearing the number 3611. It was soon demonstrated to be capable to transform rodent fibroblasts to cancerous Immortalised cell line, cell lines, so this gene was given the name Virus-induced Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (V-RAF). A year later, another transforming gene was found in the avian retrovirus MH2, named v-Mil - that turned out to be highly similar to v-Raf. Researchers were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PAK2
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAK2'' gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei .... PAK2 is one of three members of Group I PAK family of serine/threonine kinases. The PAKs are evolutionary conserved. PAK2 and its cleaved fragment localize in both the cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments. PAK2 signaling modulates apoptosis, endothelial lumen formation, viral pathogenesis, and cancer including, breast, hepatocarcinoma, gastric and cancer, at-large, and, based on its kinase activity alone, peripheral nerve myelination during embryonic development. Discovery The human PAK2 was identified as a downstream effector of Rac or Cdc42. Gene and spliced variants The PAK2 gene is about 92.7-kb long. The gene contains 15 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DYNLL1
Dynein light chain 1, cytoplasmic is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DYNLL1'' gene. Function Cytoplasmic dyneins are large enzyme complexes with a molecular mass of about 1,200 kD. They contain two force-producing heads formed primarily from dynein heavy chains, and stalks linking the heads to a basal domain, which contains a varying number of accessory intermediate chains. The complex is involved in intracellular transport and motility. The protein described in this record is a light chain and exists as part of this complex but also physically interacts with and inhibits the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Binding of this protein destabilizes the neuronal nitric oxide synthase dimer, a conformation necessary for activity, and it may regulate numerous biologic processes through its effects on nitric oxide synthase activity. Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized. Interactions DYNLL1 has been shown to interact with: * BCL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARHGEF2
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF2'' gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work through G protein-coupled receptors. The encoded protein may form complex with G proteins and stimulate rho-dependent signals. Interactions ARHGEF2 has been shown to interact with PAK1 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PAK1'' gene. PAK1 is one of six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases which are broadly divided into group I (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) and group II .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PAK3
PAK3 (p21-activated kinase 2, beta-PAK) is one of three members of Group I PAK family of evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinases. PAK3 is preferentially expressed in neuronal cells and involved in synapse formation and plasticity and mental retardation. Discovery PAK3 was initially cloned from a murine fibroblast cDNA library and from a murine embryo cDNA library. Like other group I PAKs, PAK3 is stimulated by activated Cdc42 and Rac1. Gene and spliced variants The human PAK3 gene, the longest group I family member, is 283-kb long. The PAK3 gene is composed of 22 exons of which 6 exons are for 5’-UTR and generates 13 alternative spliced transcripts. Among PAK3 transcripts, 11 transcripts are for coding proteins ranging from 181- to 580-amino acids long, while remaining two transcripts are non-coding RNAs. The murine PAK3 gene contains 10 transcripts, coding six proteins from 544 amino acids and 559 amino acids long, and four smaller polypeptides from 23 to 366 am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ARPC1B
Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARPC1B'' gene. Function This gene encodes one of seven subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and is most similar to the protein encoded by gene ARPC1A. The similarity between these two proteins suggests that they both may function as p41 subunit of the human Arp2/3 complex that facilitates branching of actin filaments in cells. Isoforms of the p41 subunit may adapt the functions of the complex to different cell types or developmental stages. Indeed, it has recently been shown that variants of the Arp2/3 complex differ in their ability to promote actin assembly, with complexes containing ARPC1B and ARPC5L being better at this than those containing ARPC1A and ARPC5. The differing functions of ARPC1A and ARPC1B are also evident in the recent discovery of patients with severe or total ARPC1B deficiency, who have platelet and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BMX (gene)
Cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein kinase BMX is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''BMX'' gene. Function Tyrosine kinases are either receptor molecules, which contain transmembrane and extracellular domains, or nonreceptor proteins, which are located intracellularly. One family of nonreceptor TKs includes the genes TEC, TXK, ITK, and BTK. All of these proteins are homologs of the ''Drosophila'' Src28 TK and contain an SH3 and SH2 domain upstream of the TK domain. Interactions BMX has been shown to interact with: * PAK1, * PTK2, * PTPN21 and * RUFY1 RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RUFY1'' gene. It is named after the RUN and FYVE domains it contains. Interactions RUFY1 has been shown to interact with BMX BMX, an abbreviati .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * Tyrosine kinases {{gene-X-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a protein, and more specifically an enzyme, that is encoded by the Cdk5 gene. It was discovered 15 years ago, and it is saliently expressed in post-mitotic central nervous system neurons (CNS). The molecule belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase family. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze reactions of phosphorylation. This process allows the substrate to gain a phosphate group donated by an organic compound known as ATP. Phosphorylations are of vital importance during glycolysis, therefore, making kinases an essential part of the cell due to their role in the metabolism, cell signaling, and many other processes. Structure Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase, which was first identified as a CDK family member due to its similar structure to CDC2/CDK1 in humans, a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The gene Cdk5 contains 12 exons in a region that contains around 5000 nucleotides (5kb), as it was deter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rho Family Of GTPases
The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The members of the Rho GTPase family have been shown to regulate many aspects of intracellular actin dynamics, and are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms, including yeasts and some plants. Three members of the family have been studied in detail: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. All G proteins are "molecular switches", and Rho proteins play a role in organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and other common cellular functions. History Identification of the Rho family of GTPases began in the mid-1980s. The first identified Rho member was RhoA, isolated serendipitously in 1985 from a low stringency cDNA screening. Rac1 and Rac2 were identified next, in 1989 followed by Cdc42 in 1990. Eight additional mammalian Rho members were identified from biological screenings until the late 1990s, a turning point in biology where availability of complete genome sequenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MMP9
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), also known as 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase or gelatinase B (GELB), is a matrixin, a class of enzymes that belong to the zinc-metalloproteinases family involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. In humans the ''MMP9'' gene encodes for a signal peptide, a propeptide, a catalytic domain with inserted three repeats of fibronectin type II domain followed by a Matrix metalloproteinase#The hemopexin-like C-terminal domain, C-terminal hemopexin-like domain. Function Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, angiogenesis, bone development, wound healing, cell migration, learning and memory, as well as in pathological processes, such as asthma, arthritis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and metastasis. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
