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Ovidia
''Ovidia'' Meissn. is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae. (''Ovidia'' Raf. is a synonym for ''Commelina''.) , The Plant List accepts three species: *'' Ovidia andina'' (Poepp. & Endl.) Meisn. *'' Ovidia pillopillo'' (Gay) Meisn. *'' Ovidia sericea'' C. Antezana & Z.S. Rogers Alleged use as entheogen ''O. pillopillo'' has been claimed to be 'one of the four major hallucinogens’ used by the Mapuche of Chile. The other three plant species involved are drawn from a list including '' Latua pubiflora'', ''Desfontainia spinosa'', '' Drimys winteri'', ''Lobelia tupa'' and ''Datura stramonium''. The specific name ''pillopillo'' is one of the common names for the plant in the Mapudungun language - another of which is ''Lloime'' - while a Spanish common name ''Palo hediondo'' ("Stinking tree") apparently refers to the unpleasant smell of the foliage. Chilefora records the plant as being "poisonous" (without further detail) - a far from uncommon property in the Thymelaeaceae, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovidia Pillopillo
''Ovidia'' Meissn. is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae. (''Ovidia'' Raf. is a synonym for ''Commelina''.) , The Plant List accepts three species: *'' Ovidia andina'' (Poepp. & Endl.) Meisn. *'' Ovidia pillopillo'' (Gay) Meisn. *'' Ovidia sericea'' C. Antezana & Z.S. Rogers Alleged use as entheogen ''O. pillopillo'' has been claimed to be 'one of the four major hallucinogens’ used by the Mapuche of Chile. The other three plant species involved are drawn from a list including ''Latua pubiflora'', ''Desfontainia spinosa'', ''Drimys winteri'', ''Lobelia tupa'' and ''Datura stramonium ''Datura stramonium'', known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed), devil's snare, or devil's trumpet, is a poisonous flowering plant of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is a species belonging to the ''Datura'' genus a ...''. The specific name ''pillopillo'' is one of the common names for the plant in the Mapudungun language - another of which is ''Lloim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovidia Andina
''Ovidia'' Meissn. is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae. (''Ovidia'' Raf. is a synonym for ''Commelina''.) , The Plant List accepts three species: *'' Ovidia andina'' (Poepp. & Endl.) Meisn. *''Ovidia pillopillo'' (Gay) Meisn. *'' Ovidia sericea'' C. Antezana & Z.S. Rogers Alleged use as entheogen ''O. pillopillo'' has been claimed to be 'one of the four major hallucinogens’ used by the Mapuche of Chile. The other three plant species involved are drawn from a list including ''Latua pubiflora'', ''Desfontainia spinosa'', ''Drimys winteri'', ''Lobelia tupa'' and ''Datura stramonium ''Datura stramonium'', known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed), devil's snare, or devil's trumpet, is a poisonous flowering plant of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is a species belonging to the ''Datura'' genus a ...''. The specific name ''pillopillo'' is one of the common names for the plant in the Mapudungun language - another of which is ''Lloime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovidia Sericea
''Ovidia'' Meissn. is a genus of plants in the family Thymelaeaceae. (''Ovidia'' Raf. is a synonym for ''Commelina''.) , The Plant List accepts three species: *''Ovidia andina'' (Poepp. & Endl.) Meisn. *''Ovidia pillopillo'' (Gay) Meisn. *'' Ovidia sericea'' C. Antezana & Z.S. Rogers Alleged use as entheogen ''O. pillopillo'' has been claimed to be 'one of the four major hallucinogens’ used by the Mapuche of Chile. The other three plant species involved are drawn from a list including ''Latua pubiflora'', ''Desfontainia spinosa'', ''Drimys winteri'', ''Lobelia tupa'' and ''Datura stramonium ''Datura stramonium'', known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed), devil's snare, or devil's trumpet, is a poisonous flowering plant of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is a species belonging to the ''Datura'' genus a ...''. The specific name ''pillopillo'' is one of the common names for the plant in the Mapudungun language - another of which is ''Lloime' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commelina
''Commelina'' is a genus of approximately 170 species commonly called dayflowers due to the short lives of their flowers. They are less often known as widow's tears. It is by far the largest genus of its family, Commelinaceae. The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus of the 18th century named the genus after the two Dutch botanists Jan Commelijn and his nephew Caspar, each representing one of the showy petals of ''Commelina communis''. The dayflowers are herbs that may be either perennial or annual. They are characterised by their zygomorphic flowers and by the involucral bracts called spathes that surround the flower stalks. These spathes are often filled with a mucilaginous liquid. Each spathe houses either one or two scorpioid cymes, with the upper cyme being either vestigial or bearing from one to several typically male flowers, and the lower cyme bearing several flowers. All members of the genus have alternate leaves. The Asiatic dayflower (''Commelina communis'') is probably th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desfontainia Spinosa
''Desfontainia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Columelliaceae, though it was placed formerly in Loganiaceae, Potaliaceae (later subsumed in Gentianaceae), or a family of its own, Desfontainiaceae. The genus was named for the French botanist, René Louiche Desfontaines. It is hardy to , and requires winter protection in areas with significant frosts. Species Species in the genus include: # '' Desfontainia fulgens'' D.Don - Chile, Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro) # '' Desfontainia spinosa'' Ruiz & Pav. - from Costa Rica to Chile + Argentina # '' Desfontainia splendens'' Humb. & Bonpl. - from S Mexico to Bolivia The best known species, ''D. spinosa'' ('Chilean holly'), is a native of rainforests and mountain slopes in southern Central America and South America, occurring from Costa Rica in the north to certain islands of Tierra del Fuego (shared by Chile and Argentina) in the extreme South, being present also in Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Ecua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and diploblasts. It is a structure composed of nervous tissue positioned along the rostral (nose end) to caudal (tail end) axis of the body and may have an enlarged section at the rostral end which is a brain. Only arthropods, cephalopods and vertebrates have a true brain (precursor structures exist in onychophorans, gastropods and lancelets). The rest of this article exclusively discusses the vertebrate central nervous system, which is radically distinct from all other animals. Overview In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord are both enclosed in the meninges. The meninges provide a barrier to chemicals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Gay
Claude Gay, often named Claudio Gay in Spanish texts, (March 18, 1800 – November 29, 1873), was a French botanist, naturalist and illustrator. This explorer carried out some of the first investigations about Chilean flora, fauna, geology and geography. The ''Cordillera Claudio Gay'' in the Atacama Region of Chile is named after him. He founded the Chilean National Museum of Natural History, its first director was another Frenchman Jean-François Dauxion-Lavaysse. Research and travels He first went to Paris to study medicine, but he quickly abandoned this idea to become a researcher in natural history. In 1828, he went to Chile to teach physics and natural history at a college in Santiago. In 1829, he accepted a position as a researcher for the Chilean government to carry out a scientific survey of the country. He returned to France in 1832, and gave his collections to the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris. He returned to Chile in 1834 and explored the count ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mapudungun
Mapuche (, Mapuche & Spanish: , or Mapudungun; from ' 'land' and ' 'speak, speech') is an Araucanian language related to Huilliche spoken in south-central Chile and west-central Argentina by the Mapuche people (from ''mapu'' 'land' and ''che'' 'people'). It is also spelled Mapuzugun and Mapudungu. It was formerly known as Araucanian, the name given to the Mapuche by the Spaniards; the Mapuche avoid it as a remnant of Spanish colonialism. Mapudungun is not an official language of the countries Chile and Argentina, receiving virtually no government support throughout its history. However, since 2013, Mapuche, along with Spanish, has been granted the status of an official language by the local government of Galvarino, one of the many Communes of Chile. It is not used as a language of instruction in either country's educational system despite the Chilean government's commitment to provide full access to education in Mapuche areas in southern Chile. There is an ongoing political ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Datura Stramonium
''Datura stramonium'', known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed), devil's snare, or devil's trumpet, is a poisonous flowering plant of the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is a species belonging to the ''Datura'' genus and '' Daturae'' tribe. Its likely origin was in Central America, and it has been introduced in many world regions. It is an aggressive invasive weed in temperate climates across the world. ''D. stramonium'' has frequently been employed in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. It has also been used as a hallucinogen (of the anticholinergic/antimuscarinic, deliriant type), taken entheogenically to cause intense, sacred or occult visions.Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). ''Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use'' New York: McGraw-Hill. . It is unlikely ever to become a major drug of abuse owing to effects upon both mind and body frequently perceived as being highly unpleasant, giving rise to a state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lobelia Tupa
''Lobelia tupa'' is a species of ''Lobelia'' native to central Chile from Valparaíso south to Los Lagos regions.Flora Chilena''Lobelia tupa''/ref> Lobelia tupa is an evergreen perennial plant which grows up to 4 m tall and thrives in dry soils. The foliage is grey-green, with felty elliptical leaves 10–15 cm long. The flowers are red, tubular and 2-lipped and are produced in a sympodium pattern. The plant has numerous ethnobotanical uses due to its pharmaceutically active alkaloids. The latex is used as an abortifacient, and the large, felty leaves are smoked as a narcotic with possible hallucinogenic effects - whence one of its common names, ''Tabaco del Diablo'' (Devil's tobacco). Ironically, this plant has been used to treat nicotine addiction because it contains the nicotine-related alkaloid Lobeline (a mixed agonist–antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors). The Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drimys Winteri
''Drimys winteri'', the winter's bark or canelo, is a slender tree in the family Winteraceae, growing up to tall. It is native to the Magellanic and Valdivian temperate rain forests of Chile and Argentina, where it is a dominant tree in the coastal evergreen forests. It is found below between latitude 32° south and Cape Horn at latitude 56°. In its southernmost natural range it can tolerate temperatures down to . The plant is renowned for its phenotypic plasticity being able to grow in different sites from "extreme arid zones to wetlands along Chile". The tree does also grow in places with various types and degrees of competition from other plants. The leaves are lanceolate, glossy green above, whitish below and can measure up to . The flowers are white with a yellow center, and consist of a great number of petals and stamens. The fruit is a bluish berry. The height–diameter relation of ''D. winteri'' varies greatly. There is for example more spread in ''D. winteri'' he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hallucinogen
Hallucinogens are a large, diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes. Most hallucinogens can be categorized as either being psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants. However, certain hallucinogens such as Fly agaric as well as other gabaergic hallucinogenics are more often considered to technically be hypnotics, therefore indicating another separate subcategory of drugs which can substantially alter visual perception. Etymology The word ''hallucinogen'' is derived from the word ''hallucination''. The term ''hallucinate'' dates back to around 1595–1605, and is derived from the Latin ''hallūcinātus'', the past participle of ''(h)allūcināri'', meaning "to wander in the mind." Characteristics Leo Hollister gave five criteria for classifying a drug as hallucinogenic.Glennon RA. Classical drugs: an introductory overview. In Lin GC and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
