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Ostwald (other)
Ostwald may refer to: * Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald, the physico-chemist (awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1909) # Ostwald's rule of polymorphism: in general, the least stable polymorph crystallizes first # The Ostwald Process, a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia # Ostwald ripening, a crystallization effect # Ostwald color system * Wolfgang Ostwald, chemist and biologist, son of Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald. He studied colloids * Martin Ostwald, a German-American classical scholar * Ostwald (crater), a crater on the far side of the moon * Ostwald, Bas-Rhin Ostwald (; Alsatian: ''Oschwold'') is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. History The ancient name of Ostwald, Wickersheim, is first attested on a map of the emperor Charles the Fat in 884. In the time ..., a commune in the Bas-Rhin ''département'' in France See also * Oswald (other) * Ozwald Boateng {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (; 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhenius. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his scientific contributions to the fields of catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. Following his 1906 retirement from academic life, Ostwald became much involved in philosophy, art, and politics. He made significant contributions to each of these fields. He has been described as a polymath. Early life and education Ostwald was born ethnically Baltic German in Riga, Russian Empire (now Latvia) to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824–1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824–1903). He was the middle child of three, born after Eugen (1851–1932) and before Gottfried (1855–1918). Ostwald developed an interest in science as a child and conducted experiments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald's Rule
In materials science, Ostwald's rule or Ostwald's step rule, conceived by Wilhelm Ostwald, describes the formation of polymorphs. The rule states that usually the less stable polymorph crystallizes first. Unstable polymorphs more closely resemble the state in solution, and thus are kinetically advantaged. From hot water, metastable, fibrous crystals of benzamide appear first, later to spontaneously convert to the more stable rhombic polymorph. Another example is magnesium carbonate, which more readily forms dolomite. A dramatic example is phosphorus, which upon sublimation first forms the less stable white phosphorus, which only slowly polymerizes to the red allotrope. This is notably the case for the anatase polymorph of titanium dioxide, which having a lower surface energy In surface science, surface free energy (also interfacial free energy or surface energy) quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created. In solid-state physics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald Process
The Ostwald process is a chemical process used for making nitric acid (HNO3). Wilhelm Ostwald developed the process, and he patented it in 1902. The Ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. Historically and practically, the Ostwald process is closely associated with the Haber process, which provides the requisite raw material, ammonia (NH3). Description Stage 1 Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in 2 stages. It is oxidized by heating with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum with 10% rhodium, platinum metal on fused silica wool, copper or nickel, to form nitric oxide (nitrogen(II) oxide) and water (as steam). This reaction is strongly exothermic, making it a useful heat source once initiated: :4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) -> 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) (Δ''H'' = −905.2 kJ/mol) Stage 2 Stage two encompasses two reactions and is carried out in an absorption ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald Ripening
Ostwald ripening is a phenomenon observed in solid solutions or liquid sols that describes the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time, i.e., small crystals or sol particles dissolve, and redeposit onto larger crystals or sol particles. Dissolution of small crystals or sol particles and the redeposition of the dissolved species on the surfaces of larger crystals or sol particles was first described by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1896. For colloidal systems, Ostwald ripening is also found in water-in-oil emulsions, while flocculation is found in oil-in-water emulsions. Mechanism This thermodynamically-driven spontaneous process occurs because larger particles are more energetically favored than smaller particles. This stems from the fact that molecules on the surface of a particle are energetically less stable than the ones in the interior. Consider a cubic crystal of atoms: all the atoms inside are bonded to 6 neighbours and are quite stable, but atoms on the surface are on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald Color System
In colorimetry, the Ostwald color system is a color space that was invented by the Baltic German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald. Associated wit''The Color Harmony Manual'' it comprises a set of paint chips representing the Ostwald color space. There are four different editions of the ''Color Harmony Manual''. Each manual is made up of charts, with each chart being a different color space. Ostwald Ostwald recommended a systematic arrangement of colors and a standardization of colors used. Ostwald believed colors should only be used and selected from a finite collection. He acknowledged that his system left out some intermediate colors between the ones he selected, but he did not work to include them in his color space. Ostwald's system provides a single, midpoint interpolation between adjacent colors. It does not have an easy way of recording millions of colors. The charts The ''Color Harmony Manual'' is made up of charts of colored chips representing a color space. The overall s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolfgang Ostwald
Carl Wilhelm Wolfgang Ostwald (27 May 1883 – 22 November 1943) was a German chemist and biologist researching colloids. Ostwald was born in Riga, the son of the 1909 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald, and died in Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth .... Books * ''Grundriß der Kolloidchemie'' (Basics of colloid chemistry, 1909) * ''Die Welt der vernachlässigten Dimensionen'' (The world of neglected dimensions, 1914) References See also * List of Baltic German scientists 1883 births 1943 deaths Scientists from Riga People from the Governorate of Livonia Baltic-German people 20th-century German chemists Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany {{Germany-chemist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martin Ostwald
Martin Ostwald (January 15, 1922 – April 10, 2010) was a German-American classical scholar, who taught until 1992 at Swarthmore College and the University of Pennsylvania. His main field of study was the political structures of Ancient Greece. Early life Born the elder son of a German-Jewish lawyer, Ostwald was raised in Dortmund, where he attended the Municipal Gymnasium (Städtisches Gymnasium). He had always intended to become a classical scholar, but when this possibility was removed by the passage of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, which closed the German universities to Jews, he decided instead to pursue his interests in teaching and scholarship by becoming a rabbi. But during the Reichskristallnacht on November 9, 1938, Ostwald was arrested together with his father and his younger brother, Ernst. Forced to leave his parents behind in Germany, Ostwald and his brother were able to emigrate to England via the Netherlands on a Kindertransport. In England, however, Ostwald and oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald (crater)
Ostwald is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies just to the east of the crater Guyot, and near the northern border of Ibn Firnas. Recht lies along its eastern rim. This is a worn and eroded crater formation with an irregular rim and inner wall due to multiple small impacts. A brief crater chain forms a cleft in the western inner face. The interior is somewhat more level, but is pock-marked by a multitude of tiny craterlets. There are some low central ridges to the south and northeast of the midpoint. Naming The crater is named after German chemist and Nobel laureate Wilhelm Ostwald Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (; 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist and philosopher. Ostwald is credited with being one of the founders of the field of physical chemistry, with Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Walther Nernst, and Svante Arrhen .... Prior to naming in 1970 by the IAU, this crater was known as ''Crater 212''. Satellite craters By convention these features a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostwald, Bas-Rhin
Ostwald (; Alsatian: ''Oschwold'') is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. History The ancient name of Ostwald, Wickersheim, is first attested on a map of the emperor Charles the Fat in 884. In the time of the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, within the realm of the Holy Roman Empire, the Hohenstaufens built a castle by the Ill River. In 1285, the city was acquired by the Zorn family of Strasbourg and took the name of Illwickersheim, also sometimes called ''Sankt Ostwald'' after the name of a parish. The plague of 1348 and mercenary raids in 1365 and 1376 decimated the population. In 1418 the city of Strasbourg gained control of Illwickersheim; at the same time it acquired Illkirch-Graffenstaden. The act of annexation of Alsace to the kingdom of France took place in Illkirch in 1681, after which Illwickersheim experienced a period of peace and prosperity, with the introduction of potato farming, which saw an increase in the city's area ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oswald (other)
Oswald may refer to: People * Oswald (given name), including a list of people with the name *Oswald (surname), including a list of people with the name Fictional characters *Oswald the Reeve, who tells a tale in Geoffrey Chaucer's '' The Canterbury Tales'' *Oswald, servant of Goneril in Shakespeare's play ''King Lear'' *Oswald Bastable, in E. Nesbit's novel ''The Story of the Treasure Seekers'' and Michael Moorcock's unrelated novel ''The Warlord of the Air'' *Roald Dahl's title character in the novel ''My Uncle Oswald'', as well as two short stories *Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, a cartoon character from the 1920s and 1930s created by Walt Disney *Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot, Batman villain better known as the Penguin *Oswald Baskerville, in the Pandora Hearts manga *Oswald (comics), a Marvel Comics mutant *Clara Oswald, a character in the British science fiction TV series ''Doctor Who'' *Oswald Danes, in the British science fiction TV series ''Torchwood: Miracle Day'' *Oswald "Otto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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