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Nupatik
Nupatik, also known as Lubadag, was a Hurrian god of uncertain character. He is attested in the earliest inscriptions from Urkesh, as well as in texts from many other Hurrian settlements, and possibly continued to be worshiped as late as in the neo-Assyrian period. However, his functions remain uncertain. Name Nupatik s name is attested for the first time inscriptions of Hurrian king Tish-atal of Urkesh, where it is spelled syllabically as ''dLu-ba-da-ga'', rather than logographically, like these of other Hurrian gods in the same inscription. Numerous spellings of the name are known, including ''dNu-pa-ti-ik'', ''dLu-pa-ki-ta'', ''dNu-ú-pa-ti-ga'', ''dNu-pa-da-ak'', and more. He is also present in Hurrian texts from Ugarit, where his name is spelled in the local alphabetic script as ''nbdg'' (𐎐𐎁𐎄𐎂). Both the meaning and origin of his name are unknown. Character and attributes Nupatik was one of the "pan-Hurrian" gods, and as such was worshiped by various Hurri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrian Religion
The Hurrian religion was the polytheistic religion of the Hurrians, a Bronze Age people of the Near East who chiefly inhabited the north of the Fertile Crescent. While the oldest evidence goes back to the third millennium BCE, is best attested in cuneiform sources from the second millennium BCE written not only in the Hurrian language, but also Akkadian language, Akkadian, Hittite language, Hittite and Ugaritic. It was shaped by the contacts between Hurrians and various cultures they coexisted with. As a result, the Hurrian pantheon included both natively Hurrian deities and those of foreign origin, adopted from List of Mesopotamian deities, Mesopotamian, Syrian (chiefly Eblaite and Ugaritic religion, Ugaritic), Anatolian and Elamite beliefs. The culture of the Hurrians were not entirely homogeneous, and different local religious traditions are documented in sources from Hurrian kingdoms such as Arrapha, Kizzuwatna and Mitanni, as well as from cities with sizeable Hurrian populatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aštabi
Aštabi ( uga, 𐎀𐎌𐎚𐎁, ''aštb''), also known as Aštabil, was a god worshiped in the third millennium BCE in Ebla, later incorporated into Hurrian beliefs in locations such as Alalakh and Ugarit and as a result also into the religion of the Hittite Empire. Name and origin The attested writings of the name are Aštabi (in Alalakh and Hattusa), Aštabil/Ašdabil (in Ebla and Mari), ''aštb'' and possibly ''`ṭtpl'' and ''`ṭtpr'' (alphabetic spellings from Ugarit). Aštabi is regarded as one of the so-called "Syrian substrate deities" by researchers. While present in the Hurrian pantheon and in earlier documents from Ebla, names of members of this group are assumed to have pre-Hurrian and most likely pre- Semitic origin. Initially Hurrian origin had been ascribed to Aštabi by researchers based on the similarity of his name to those of Kumarbi and Nabarbi, but this is no longer regarded as plausible due to the existence of earlier forms ending with -''bil'' rath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kubaba (goddess)
Kubaba was a Syrian goddess associated particularly closely with Alalakh and Carchemish. She was adopted into the Hurrian and Hittite pantheons as well. After the fall of the Hittite empire, she continued to be venerated by Luwians. Name The precise linguistic origin of Kubaba's name is unknown, but it is assumed it was not Semitic. She was likely one of the deities belonging to a linguistic and religious substrate from ancient Syria, similar to Ishara. However, unlike other such deities, Kubaba is not attested in documents from Ebla. Typical forms of the name include ''dKu-ba-ba'' and, in Hittite sources, ''dKu-pa-pa''. The alphabetic Ugaritic spelling was ''kbb'', while hieroglyphic Luwian - (DEUS)''ku''-AVIS. Aramaic texts also spell the name as ''kbb''. A connection between her and the similarly named legendary Sumerian queen Kubaba of Kish, while commonly proposed, cannot be established due to spatial and temporal differences. Spelling of the name of the latter alte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tish-atal
Tish-atal (Hurrian ) ( fl. c. 21st century BC) was endan of Urkesh during the Third Dynasty of Ur. He was one of the earliest known Hurrian rulers, but the archaeological record is fragmentary for this period, and no precise date can be ascribed to his reign. Name In older literature the name ''Tishari'' is sometimes used, but it has now been established that the correct rendering is Tish-atal. Two other rulers with a similar name are known from around the same period, Tish-atal of Nineveh and Dishatal, king of Karahar. These are thought to be distinct persons, so the name was probably common in the area where the Hurrians lived. Inscription A cuneiform inscription about a temple of Nergal is the only source for Tish-atal. The text is found on two bronze lion statuettes, but there is a better preserved copy on a stone tablet, now in the Louvre Museum, along with one of the lions. This famous inscription is the earliest known writing in the Hurrian language. The following transla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lelluri
Lelluri (also spelled Lilluri, Liluri) was a Hurrian goddess worshiped in southeastern Anatolia and northern Syria. She was associated with mountains, and in known sources appears in connection with the god Manuzi. Character Lelluri most likely originated in the Nur Mountains, and her name ends with the Hurrian suffix -''luri'', known also from the theonyms Upelluri (a primordial giant from the Kumarbi Cycle), and Impaluri ('' sukkal'' of the sea god), as well as a number of Hurrian mountain and stone names. Assyriologist Beate Pongratz-Leisten regards her as a deity "associated with Hurrian identity." Volkert Haas describes Lelluri as "lady of the mountains" ("die Herrin der Gebirge"). She was closely linked with Manuzi, a god associated with both the weather and mountains. She was likely his partner, and that they shared a temple in Kummani. A lexical text from Emar indicates that she was understood as analogous to the Mesopotamian goddess Ninmena. Worship According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belet Nagar
Belet Nagar ("Lady of Nagar") was the tutelary goddess of the ancient Syrian city Nagar (Tell Brak). She was also worshiped by the Hurrians and in Mesopotamia. She was connected with kingship, but much about her role in the religions of the ancient Near East remains uncertain. Character Belet Nagar means "Lady of Nagar," and much like in the case of Ashur and its god, the name of the deity was the same as that of the corresponding city. Despite her status as one of the head deities of ancient Syria, much about her character and functions remains uncertain. It is assumed that she owed her position in the pantheon to the political importance of her cult center. While in the Old Babylonian period the political importance of Nagar declined, she remained a commonly worshiped deity. In the second millennium BCE in Shekhna she was the tutelary goddess of the local dynasty. For example, in a letter from a certain Ea-Malik to Till-Abnu, ruler of a small kingdom in the Khabur Triangle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adamma (goddess)
Adamma was a goddess from the pantheon of Ebla, later incorporated into Hurrian religion. Origin Alfonso Archi, a researcher of Eblaite culture and religion, considers Adamma to most likely be one of the Syrian deity names with origins in a pre- Semitic and pre-Hurrian substratum, much like Hadabal, Ishara, Kura or Aštabi. Another possibility he considers is that her name was derived from the root *''ʾdm'', meaning "blood" or "red." Francesco Aspesi derives it from the Hebrew Adamah, the word for "(red) soil, earth". SEL 13 (1996) 33-40. Hittitologist Piotr Taracha also considers her to be a "Syrian substrate" deity incorporated into Hur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hurrians
The Hurrians (; cuneiform: ; transliteration: ''Ḫu-ur-ri''; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri or Hurriter) were a people of the Bronze Age Near East. They spoke a Hurrian language and lived in Anatolia, Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. The largest and most influential Hurrian nation was the kingdom of Mitanni, its ruling class perhaps being Indo-Aryan speakers. The population of the Hittite Empire in Anatolia included a large population of Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian influence in Hittite mythology. By the Early Iron Age, the Hurrians had been assimilated with other peoples. The state of Urartu later covered some of the same area. Language The Hurrian language is closely related to the Urartian language, the language of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. Together they form the Hurro-Urartian language family. The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a genetic relationship to o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuzi
Manuzi (also spelled Manuzzi) was a mountain god worshiped in Kizzuwatna. He shared his name with the mountain he represented and with a village. He is best attested from sources pertaining to the ''hišuwa'' festival, which indicate he was the husband of the goddess Lelluri. He could be identified as a form of the Hurrian weather god Teshub as well, and as such was referred to as Teshub Manuzi. Character Manuzi was a mountain god, but he could also be identified as a form of Teshub, and as such could be referred to as "Teshub Manuzi." He was associated with a mountain and a settlement which both shared his name. According to Volkert Haas, the latter was not historically notable. It was located in the proximity of the Gulf of Alexandretta. Documentation pertaining to the ''hišuwa'' festival mentions an eagle who sat on the shoulder of Manuzi, Eribuški, whose name has Hurrian origin. A separate ritual involved washing a golden statue of him. Eagles were also a symbol of other moun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nergal
Nergal ( Sumerian: d''KIŠ.UNU'' or ; ; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; la, Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations under indicating his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination. He was primarily associated with war, death, and disease and has been described as the "god of inflicted death." He reigned over Kur, the Mesopotamian underworld, depending on the myth either on behalf of his parents Enlil and Ninlil, or in later periods as a result of his marriage with the goddess Ereshkigal. Originally either Mammitum, a goddess possibly connected to frost, or Laṣ, sometimes assumed to be a minor medicine goddess, were regarded as his wife, though other traditions existed, too. His primary cult center was Kutha, located in northern Mesopotamia. His main temple was the E-Meslam and he was also known by the name Meslamtaea, "he who comes out of Meslam." Initi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maliya
Maliya was a goddess worshiped by Hittites in the Bronze Age. She was most likely a deified river in origin, but she was also associated with gardens and with artisanship, specifically with leatherworking and carpentry. The oldest attestations of her have been identified in the Old Assyrian texts from Kanesh. This city continued to be associated with her in later tradition, though she was also worshiped in Hattusa and elsewhere in the Hittite Empire. She is also present in texts originating in Kizzuwatna, which indicate she had a temple in Kummanni, where she was worshiped alongside various Hurrian deities. It is assumed that a similarly named goddess attested in Lycian texts from the first millennium BCE corresponds to earlier Hittite Maliya. She was worshiped in Rhodiapolis and in other cities in Lycia, and might have been a war goddess. Malis, known from Lydian sources and from references in Greek literature, is also assumed to be a derivative of Maliya by most authors. A te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishara
Ishara (Išḫara) was the tutelary goddess of the ancient Syrian city of Ebla. The origin of her name is unknown. Both Hurrian and West Semitic etymologies have been proposed, but they found no broad support and today it is often assumed that her name belongs to an unknown linguistic substrate. Her cult had a wide reach across the ancient Near East. In addition to Ebla, she was also worshiped in cities such as Mari, Emar, Alalakh and Ugarit. From these Syrian cities the worship of Ishara spread to Mesopotamia. The Hurrians also adopted her into their pantheon after arriving in Syria, from which she found her way to the Hittite pantheon. In various time periods and areas different functions were assigned to her. In Ebla she was the tutelary deity of the ruling family, but also a love goddess. In Mesopotamia the latter function lead to an association with Ishtar, and later Nanaya, Kanisurra and Gazbaba as well. In Hurrian religion she acquired the role of a goddess associ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
