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Nesolechia (fungus)
''Nesolechia'' is a genus of parasitic fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. All three species in the genus lichenicolous fungi, grow on lichens. ''Nesolechia'' probably evolved from a lichen ancestor, as it is closely related to many lichenized species of fungi. ''Nesolechia'' fungi typically develop gall-like structures on their host (biology), hosts that may be roughly spherical to lobe-like or leafy. Taxonomy The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed in 1856 by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo, with ''Nesolechia oxyspora'' assigned as the type species. It contained species formerly placed in ''Abrothallus'' that produced ascospores without a septum. He also included ''N. inquinans'', ''N. thallicola'', ''N. heeri'', and ''N. punctum'' in the genus; these are now placed in the genera ''Micarea'', ''Phacopsis'', ''Scutula'', and ''Bachmanniomyces'', respectively. In his 1930 work on parasitic fungi, Karl von Keissler included 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctelia Rudecta
''Punctelia rudecta'', commonly known as the rough speckled shield or the speckleback lichen, is a North American species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This species can be readily identified by the light color of the thallus underside, the relatively large lobes at the edges of the thallus, and the tiny white pores present on the top of the thallus that are characteristic of the genus ''Punctelia''. The lichen is quite abundant and widespread in the eastern and southeastern United States, although it also occurs in Canada and northern Mexico, but is less common in these regions. The lichen usually grows on bark, and less commonly on shaded rocks. There are several lookalike ''Punctelia'' species; these can often be distinguished from ''P. rudecta'' by differences in distribution or in the nature of the reproductive structures present on the thallus. Although ''Punctelia rudecta'' was previously thought to have a much more expansive global distribution, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phacopsis
''Phacopsis'' is a genus of lichenicolous ( lichen-dwelling) fungi. They are parasites of members of the large lichen family Parmeliaceae, of which they are also a member. Originally proposed by Edmond Tulasne in 1852 to contain 3 species, ''Phacopsis'' now contains 10 species, although historically, 33 taxa have been described in the genus. Many of the species are poorly known, some of them having been documented only from the type specimen. ''Phacopsis'' species appear as partially immersed, shiny brown to black apothecia that cause gall-like deformations on the thallus of the host lichen. Features of ''Phacopsis'' used to distinguish species from each other include the shape of their spores, and the colour and reaction of the hypothecium (a tissue layer under the spore-bearing hymenium) when stained using an iodine–starch test. Since ''Phacopsis'' fungi are usually restricted to living on hosts belonging to a single phylogenetic clade, the identity of the host lichen is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geltingia Associata
''Geltingia'' is a fungal genus in the family Helicogoniaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single lichenicolous species ''Geltingia associata''. The genus was circumscribed in 1990 by mycologists Vagn Alstrup and David Leslie Hawksworth. The genus name honours Danish scientist Paul Gelting. It has a circumpolar distribution. It is known to grow on the lichens ''Ochrolechia frigida'' and ''Ochrolechia upsaliensis ''Ochrolechia upsaliensis'' is a species of crustose lichen in the family Ochrolechiaceae. Found in the Northern Hemisphere, it is commonly known as the tundra saucer lichen. Taxonomy The lichen was formally described as a new species by Carl L ...''. References Leotiomycetes Leotiomycetes genera Taxa described in 1990 Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth {{Leotiomycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbonea Aggregantula
''Carbonea aggregantula'' is a species of lichen belonging to the family Lecanoraceae. It is a lichenicolous fungus, lichenicolous fungi, meaning that it grows on other lichens, but it does not cause disease, unlike the similar ''Carbonea austroshetlandica''. Distribution ''Carbonea aggregantula'' is widely distributed. Although it has not been reported often, its distribution includes multiple continents. ''Carbonea aggregantula'' has been reported from some of the subantarctic islands, including King George Island (South Shetland Islands), King George Island, Penguin Island (South Shetland Islands), Penguin Island and Livingston Island. Host species ''Carbonea aggregantula'' has a wide range of host species which are still being discovered. Known hosts are: * ''Candelariella'' sp. * ''Lecanora alpigena'' * ''Lecanora impudens'' * ''Lecanora leproplaca'' * ''Lecanora leucococca'' * ''Lecanora polytropa'' * ''Lecanora subaurea'' * ''Lecanora subgranulata'' * ''Protoparmeliopsis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's system in ''Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 in the i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Index Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is somewhat comparable to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), in which the Royal Botanic Gardens is also involved. A difference is that where IPNI does not indicate correct names, the ''Index Fungorum'' does indicate the status of a name. In the returns from the search page a currently correct name is indicated in green, while others are in blue (a few, aberrant usages of names are indicated in red). All names are linked to pages giving the correct name, with lists of synonyms. ''Index Fungorum'' is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are '' MycoBank'' and '' Fungal Names''. Current names in ''Index Fungorum'' ('' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names ( scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is somewhat comparable to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), in which the Royal Botanic Gardens is also involved. A difference is that where IPNI does not indicate correct names, the ''Index Fungorum'' does indicate the status of a name. In the returns from the search page a currently correct name is indicated in green, while others are in blue (a few, aberrant usages of names are indicated in red). All names are linked to pages giving the correct name, with lists of synonyms. ''Index Fungorum'' is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are ''MycoBank'' and '' Fungal Names''. Current names in ''Index Fungorum'' (''Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punctelia
''Punctelia'' is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus ''Parmelia'' in 1982. Characteristics that define ''Punctelia'' include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia (asexual spores), simple rhizines (root-like structures that attach the lichen thallus to its substrate), and point-like pseudocyphellae (tiny pores on the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange). It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens. ''Punctelia'' lichens grow on bark, wood, and rocks. The genus is cosmopolitan, occurring on all continents but Antarctica. Species are found in temperate to subtropical locations. ''Punctelia'' has centres of distribution in the Neotropics and Africa; about half of the known species occur in South America. The photobiont partners of ''Punctelia'' are green algae in the genus ''Trebouxia''. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synonym (taxonomy)
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called ''Pinus abies''. This name is no longer in use, so it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, '' Picea abies''. * In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refers to a taxon at that rank - for example, the name ''Papilio prorsa'' Linnaeus, 1758 is a junior synonym of ''Papilio levana'' Linnaeus, 1758, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as ''Araschnia l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evolutionary Divergence
Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) and experience different selective pressures that drive adaptations to their new environment. After many generations and continual evolution, the populations become less able to interbreed with one another. The American naturalist J. T. Gulick (1832–1923) was the first to use the term "divergent evolution", with its use becoming widespread in modern evolutionary literature. Classic examples of divergence in nature are the adaptive radiation of the finches of the Galapagos or the coloration differences in populations of a species that live in different habitats such as with pocket mice and fence lizards. The term can also be applied in molecular evolution, such as to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomic Rank
In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in an ancestral or hereditary hierarchy. A common system consists of species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain. While older approaches to taxonomic classification were phenomenological, forming groups on the basis of similarities in appearance, organic structure and behaviour, methods based on genetic analysis have opened the road to cladistics. A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of any ''species'' and the description of its ''genus'' is ''basic''; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is usually not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two. Consider a particu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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