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Nerve Tract
A nerve tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting Nucleus (neuroanatomy), nuclei of the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, this is known as a nerve fascicle, and has associated nervous tissue, connective tissue. The main nerve tracts in the central nervous system are of three types: association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers. A nerve tract may also be referred to as a commissure, decussation, or neural pathway. A commissure connects the two cerebral hemispheres at the same levels, while a decussation connects at different levels (crosses obliquely). Types The nerve fibers in the central nervous system can be categorized into three groups on the basis of their course and connections. Different tracts may also be referred to as ''projections'' or ''radiations'' such as thalamocortical radiations. Association fibers The tracts that connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere are called Association fiber, association tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Matter Connections Obtained With MRI Tractography
White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no chroma). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully (or almost fully) reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue, and green light. The color white can be given with white pigments, especially titanium dioxide. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of monarchist France from 1815 to 1830, and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek temples and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Association Fiber
Association fibers are axons (nerve fibers) that connect cortical areas within the same cerebral hemisphere. In human neuroanatomy, axons within the brain, can be categorized on the basis of their course and connections as association fibers, projection fibers, and commissural fibers. Bundles of fibers are known as nerve tracts, and consist of association tracts, commissural tracts, and projection tracts. The association fibers unite different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere, and are of two kinds: (1) short association fibers that connect adjacent gyri; (2) long association fibers that make connections between more distant parts. Short association fibers Many of the short association fibers (also called arcuate or "U"-fibers) lie in the superficial white matter immediately beneath the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, and connect together adjacent gyri. Some pass from one wall of the sulcus to the other. Long association fibers The long association fibers connect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diencephalon
In the human brain, the diencephalon (or interbrain) is a division of the forebrain (embryonic ''prosencephalon''). It is situated between the telencephalon and the midbrain (embryonic ''mesencephalon''). The diencephalon has also been known as the tweenbrain in older literature. It consists of structures that are on either side of the third ventricle, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus and the subthalamus. The diencephalon is one of the main brain vesicle, vesicles of the brain formed during human embryonic development, embryonic development. During the third week of development a neural tube is created from the ectoderm, one of the three primary germ layers, and forms three main vesicles: the prosencephalon, the Midbrain, mesencephalon and the Hindbrain, rhombencephalon. The prosencephalon gradually divides into the telencephalon (the cerebrum) and the diencephalon. Structure The diencephalon consists of the following structures: * Thalamus * Hypothalamus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Striatum
The striatum (: striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia. The striatum is a critical component of the motor and reward systems; receives glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs from different sources; and serves as the primary input to the rest of the basal ganglia. Functionally, the striatum coordinates multiple aspects of cognition, including both motor and action planning, decision-making, motivation, reinforcement, and reward perception. The striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. However, some authors believe it is made up of caudate nucleus, putamen, and ventral striatum. The lentiform nucleus is made up of the larger putamen, and the smaller globus pallidus. Strictly speaking the globus pallidus is part of the striatum. It is common practice, however, to implicitly exclude the globus pallidus when referring to striatal structures. In pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Projection Fiber
Projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. In human neuroanatomy, bundles of axons (nerve fibers) called nerve tracts, within the brain, can be categorized by their function into association tracts, projection tracts, and commissural tracts. In the neocortex, projection neurons are excitatory neurons that send axons to distant brain targets. Considering the six histologically distinct layers of the neocortex, ''associative projection neurons'' extend axons within one cortical hemisphere; ''commissural projection neurons'' extend axons across the midline to the contralateral hemisphere; and ''corticofugal projection neurons'' extend axons away from the cortex. That said, some neurons are multi-functional and can therefore be categorized into more than one such category. Efferent The principal efferent fibers are: * (1) the motor tract, occupying the genu and anterior two-thirds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habenular Commissure
The habenular commissure is a nerve tract of commissural fibers that connects the habenular nuclei on both sides of the habenular trigone in the epithalamus. The habenular commissure is part of the habenular trigone (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami). The habenulum trigone also contains the habenular nuclei. Fibers enter the habenular trigone from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the habenular trigone's fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular nucleus. External links NIF Search - Habenular commissurevia the Neuroscience Information Framework The Neuroscience Information Framework is a repository of global neuroscience web resources, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hippocampal Commissure
The fornix (from ; : fornices) is a C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. The fornix also carries some afferent fibers to the hippocampus from structures in the diencephalon and basal forebrain. The fornix is part of the limbic system. While its exact function and importance in the physiology of the brain are still not entirely clear, it has been demonstrated in humans that surgical transection—the cutting of the fornix along its body—can cause memory loss. There is some debate over what type of memory is affected by this damage, but it has been found to most closely correlate with recall memory rather than recognition memory. This means that damage to the fornix can cause difficulty in recalling long-term information such as details of past events, but it has little effect on the ability to recognize objects or familiar situations. Structure The fibers begin in the hippocampus on each side of the brain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Posterior Commissure
The posterior commissure (also known as the epithalamic commissure) is a rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. It constitutes part of the epithalamus. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitively determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the ''nucleus of the posterior commissure'' (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the periaqueductal grey at rostral end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the oculomotor nucleus. Some are thought to be derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a prominent bundle of nerve fibres which pass within the ventral/anterior portion of periaqueductal gray of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anterior Commissure
The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a white matter nerve tract, tract (a bundle of axons) connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the Fornix of brain, fornix. In all but five species of mammal the great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which in Human, humans and all non-Monotreme, monotremes is more than 10 times larger than the anterior commissure. Other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. The anterior commissure plays a key role in nociception, pain sensation, more specifically sharp, acute pain. It also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, vital for the sense of smell and chemoreception. The anterior commis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corpus Callosum
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract, consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, about in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections. A number of separate nerve tracts, classed as subregions of the corpus callosum, connect different parts of the hemispheres. The main ones are known as the genu, the rostrum, the trunk or body, and the splenium. Structure The corpus callosum forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. Part of the corpus callosum forms the roof of the lateral ventricles. The corpus callosum has four main parts – individual nerv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commissural Fiber
The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. Huge numbers of commissural fibers make up the commissural tracts in the brain, the largest of which is the corpus callosum. In contrast to commissural fibers, association fibers form association tracts that connect regions within the same hemisphere of the brain, and projection fibers connect each region to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord. Structure The commissural fibers make up tracts that include the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, and the posterior commissure. Corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the largest commissural tract in the human brain. It consists of about 200–300 million axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is essential to the communication between the two hemispheres. A recent study of individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum suggests that the corpus callosum plays a vital role in problem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is an association tract in the brain that is composed of three separate components. It is present in both hemispheres and can be found lateral to the centrum semiovale and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. This bundle of tracts (fasciculus) passes from the frontal lobe through the operculum to the posterior end of the lateral sulcus where they either radiate to and synapse on neurons in the occipital lobe, or turn downward and forward around the putamen and then radiate to and synapse on neurons in anterior portions of the temporal lobe. The SLF is composed of three distinct components SLF I, SLF II, and SLF III. SLF I SLF I is the dorsal component and originates in the superior and medial parietal cortex, passes around the cingulate sulcus and in the superior parietal and frontal white matter, and terminates in the dorsal and medial cortex of the frontal lobe ( Brodmann 6, 8, and 9) and in the supplem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
