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NP-40
NP-40 (also known as Tergitol-type NP-40 and nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) is a commercially available detergent with CAS Registry Number 9016-45-9. NP-40 is an ethoxylated nonylphenol for non-ionic surfactants and can act as emulsifier and demulsifier agent. NP-40 is often used to break open all membranes within a cell, including the nuclear membrane . To break only the cytoplasmic membrane, other detergents such as digitonin can be used. NP-40 has applications in paper and textile processing, in paints and coatings, and in agrochemical manufacturing. Care should be taken to avoid confusing NP-40 with Nonidet P-40 (octyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) which is currently out of production. Nonidet P-40 ("Non-Ionic Detergent") was originally manufactured and trademarked by the Shell Chemical Company, but was phased out of production in the early 2000s. Confusingly, biochemical protocols published between the 1960s and 2000s refer to Shell's Nonidet P-40 as NP-40. Shell's origina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonidet P-40
Nonidet P-40 is a nonionic, non-denaturing detergent. Its official IUPAC name is octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. Nonidet P-40 is sometimes abbreviated as NP-40, but should not be confused with a different detergent by the same name NP-40, nonylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol of the Tergitol NP series of Dow Chemicals. Nonidet was a trademark of Shell Chemical Co. from 1956 to the early 2000s, but they no longer make it. Nonidet P-40 is no longer sold by the chemical company Sigma-Aldrich. Sigma-Aldrich has replaced Nonidet P-40 with IGEPAL CA-630 IGEPAL CA-630 is a nonionic, non-denaturing detergent. Its official IUPAC name is octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. IGEPAL is a registered trademark of Rhodia (company), Rhodia. IGEPAL CA-630 is sold by Sigma-Aldrich and is claimed to be a "chemical ..., which is described as a "nonionic, non-denaturing detergent". Sigma-Aldrich claims that IGEPAL CA-630 is "chemically indistinguishable from Nonidet P-40". IGEPAL consists of octyl-phenoxy(po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IGEPAL CA-630
IGEPAL CA-630 is a nonionic, non-denaturing detergent. Its official IUPAC name is octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. IGEPAL is a registered trademark of Rhodia (company), Rhodia. IGEPAL CA-630 is sold by Sigma-Aldrich and is claimed to be a "chemically indistinguishable" substitute for Nonidet P-40 (a trademark of Shell Chemical Company) which is no longer manufactured. However, a 2017 publication reported that IGEPAL 630 was ten-fold more potent than Nonidet P-40 in a tubulin polymerisation assay. All IGEPAL CA surfactants are derived from octylphenol. This serves as the hydrophobic part. Different amounts of ethylene oxide are combined with this part to get a balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic substances (measured by Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB). This balance has an important impact on wetting detergency, foam, solubility, emulsification. IGEPAL CA-630 has Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, HLB of 13.4, similar to that of Triton X-100 (13.4) and thus belongs to the detergent ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surfactant
Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word ''surfactant'' is a Blend word, blend of "surface-active agent", coined in 1950. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt. Surfactants are among the most widespread and commercially important chemicals. Private households as well as many industries use them in large quantities as detergent, detergents and cleaning agents, but also for example as emulsion#Emulsifiers, emulsifiers, wetting agents, foaming agents, Antistatic agent, antistatic additives, or dispersants. Surfactants occur naturally in traditional plant-based detergents, e.g. Aesculus, horse chestnuts or Sapindus, soap nuts; they can also be found in the secretions of some caterpillars. Today one of the most commonly used anionic surfa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with Cleanliness, cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. Definitions The word ''detergent'' is derived from the Latin adjective , from the verb , meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent can be defined as a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to ''soap'' (a salt of the natural fatty acid), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term ''detergent'' refers to househ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear Membrane
The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer polar membrane, membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the Cell nucleus, nucleus, which encloses the genome, genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. It is usually about 10–50 Nanometre, nm wide. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The nuclear envelope has many nuclear pores that allow materials to move between the cytosol and the nucleus. Intermediate filament proteins called lamins form a structure called the nuclear lamina on the inner aspect of the inner nuclear membrane and give structural support to the nucleus. Structure The nuclear envelope is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes, an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. These membranes are connected t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoplasmic Membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the cytoplasm, interior of a Cell (biology), cell from the extracellular space, outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane Membrane fluidity, fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. Glycolipids embedded in the outer lipid layer serve a similar purpose. The cell membrane membrane transport, controls the movement of substances in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digitonin
Digitonin is a steroidal saponin (saraponin) obtained from the foxglove plant ''Digitalis purpurea''. Its aglycone is digitogenin, a spirostan steroid. It has been investigated as a detergent, as it effectively water-solubilizes lipids. As such, it has several potential biological membrane, membrane-related applications in biochemistry, including solubilizing membrane proteins, precipitating cholesterol, and permeabilizing cell membranes. Digitonin is sometimes confused with the cardiac drugs digoxin and digitoxin; all three can be extracted from the same source. Chemical properties * Critical micelle concentration = < 0.5 mM * Average micellar weight = 70000 * Aggregation number = 60 References {{Glycosides Spiro compounds Steroidal glycosides Saponins ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance
The hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant is a measure of its degree of hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, determined by calculating percentages of molecular weights for the hydrophilic and lipophilic portions of the surfactant molecule, as described by Griffin in 1949 and 1954. Other methods have been suggested, notably in 1957 by Davies. Griffin's method Griffin's method for non-ionic surfactants as described in 1954 works as follows: HLB = 20 * M_h / M where M_h is the molecular mass The molecular mass () is the mass of a given molecule, often expressed in units of daltons (Da). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different isotopes of an element. The derived quan ... of the hydrophilic portion of the molecule, and M is the molecular mass of the whole molecule, giving a result on a scale of 0 to 20. An HLB value of 0 corresponds to a completely lipophilic/hydrophobic molecule, and a value of 20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonoxynol-9
Nonoxynol-9, sometimes abbreviated as N-9, is an organic compound that is used as a surfactant. It is a member of the Nonoxynols, nonoxynol family of nonionic surfactants. N-9 and related compounds are ingredients in various cleaning and cosmetic products. It is widely used in contraceptives for its spermicidal properties. Uses Spermicide As a spermicide, it attacks the acrosome, acrosomal membranes of the spermatozoon, sperm, causing the sperm to be immobilized. Nonoxynol-9 is the active ingredient in most spermicidal creams, jellies, foams, gel, film, and suppositories. Lubricant Nonoxynol-9 is a common ingredient of most vaginal and anal lubricants due to its spermicidal properties. A 2004 study found that over a six-month period, the effectiveness, typical-use failure rates for five nonoxynol-9 vaginal contraceptives (film, suppository, and gels at three different concentrations) ranged from 10% to 20%. Condoms Many models of condoms are personal lubricant, lubricated w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipid Bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes form a continuous barrier around all cell (biology), cells. The cell membranes of almost all organisms and many viruses are made of a lipid bilayer, as are the nuclear envelope, nuclear membrane surrounding the cell nucleus, and biological membrane, membranes of the membrane-bound organelles in the cell. The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be. Lipid bilayers are ideally suited to this role, even though they are only a few nanometers in width, because they are impermeable to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules. Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by transporting ions across their membranes using proteins called Ion transporter, ion pumps. Biological bilaye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with Cleanliness, cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. There are a large variety of detergents. A common family is the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble than soap in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate of soap to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water. Definitions The word ''detergent'' is derived from the Latin adjective , from the verb , meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent can be defined as a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in Concentration, dilute Solution (chemistry), solutions. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to ''soap'' (a salt of the natural fatty acid), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term ''detergent'' refers to househ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
