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Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA), terms used mostly by linguists, is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; occasionally, it also refers to spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in literature, academia, print and mass media, law and legislation, though it is generally not spoken as a first language, similar to Contemporary Latin. It is a pluricentric standard language taught throughout the Arab world in formal education, differing significantly from many vernacular varieties of Arabic that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the Arabic dialect continuum. Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from Classical Arabic (CA; ) – the written language prior to the mid-19th century – althoug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levant
The Levant () is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in archaeology and other cultural contexts, it is equivalent to a stretch of land bordering the Mediterranean in South-western Asia,Gasiorowski, Mark (2016). ''The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa''. }, ), meaning "the eastern place, where the Sun rises". In the 13th and 14th centuries, the term ''levante'' was used for Italian maritime commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean, including Greece, Anatolia, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt, that is, the lands east of Venice. Eventually the term was restricted to the Muslim countries of Syria-Palestine and Egypt. In 1581, England set up the Levant Company to monopolize commerce with the Ottoman Empire. The name ''Levant States'' was used to refer to the French mandate over Syria and Lebanon after World War I. This is p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Sahara
Western Sahara ( '; ; ) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), while the remaining 80% of the territory is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at just over 500,000, of which nearly 40% live in Laayoune, the largest city in Western Sahara. Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. It is the most populous territory on that list, and by far the largest in area. In 1965, the United Nations General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to decolonize the territory. One year later, a new resolution was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literature
Literature is any collection of Writing, written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting knowledge and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction genres, such as biography, Diary, diaries, memoir, Letter (message), letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes non-fictional books, articles or other printed information on a particular subject.''OED'' Etymology, Etymologically, the term derives from Latin language, Latin ''literatura/litteratura'' "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from ''litera/littera'' "letter". In sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spoken Arabic
The varieties (or dialects or vernacular languages) of Arabic, a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic family originating in the Arabian Peninsula, are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively. There are considerable variations from region to region, with degrees of mutual intelligibility that are often related to geographical distance and some that are mutually unintelligible. Many aspects of the variability attested to in these modern variants can be found in the ancient Arabic dialects in the peninsula. Likewise, many of the features that characterize (or distinguish) the various modern variants can be attributed to the original settler dialects. Some organizations, such as SIL International, consider these approximately 30 different varieties to be different languages, while others, such as the Library of Congress, consider them all to be dialects of Arabic. In terms of sociolinguistics, a major distinction exists between the formal standardized languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Language
A literary language is the form (register) of a language used in written literature, which can be either a nonstandard dialect or a standardized variety of the language. Literary language sometimes is noticeably different from the spoken language (''lects''), but the difference between literary language and non-literary language is greater in some languages; thus a great divergence between a written form and a spoken vernacular, the language exhibits diglossia, a community's use of two forms of speech. The understanding of the term differs from one linguistic tradition to another and is dependent on the terminological conventions adopted. Notably, in Eastern European and Slavic linguistics, the term "literary language" has also been used as a synonym of "standard language". Literary English For much of its history, there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language and a colloquial idiom.Matti Rissanen, ''History of Englishes: New Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard Language
A standard language (also standard variety, standard dialect, and standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage, although occasionally the term refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. Typically, the language varieties that undergo substantive standardization are the dialects associated with centers of commerce and government. By processes that linguistic anthropologists call "referential displacement" and that sociolinguists call "elaboration of function", these varieties acquire the social prestige associated with commerce and government. As a sociological effect of these processes, most users of this language come to believe that the standard language is inherently superior or consider it the linguistic baseline against which to judge other varieties of language. The standardization of a language is a continual process, because a language-in-use cannot be permanently sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tunisian Academy Of Sciences, Letters, And Arts
The Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts (''Beït al-Hikma'') is a scholarly national academy based in Tunis. It is housed officially in a mid-19th century palace, Zarrouk Palace, situated on the Mediterranean coast at the base of the ruins of ancient Carthage. It is a member academy of the Union Académique Internationale. History The Academy was founded in 1992 as a successor to the National Foundation for Translation, Establishment of Texts and Studies, which had been founded in 1983. The Academy was reorganized and re-initiated in July 2012. Objectives The Academy lists its objectives as: * to serve as a meeting-place for scholars and to provide them with the opportunity for promoting research and for exchanging ideas and experience; * to contribute to the enrichment of the Arabic language, helping it to keep abreast with current developments in the sciences and arts; * to help safeguard national heritage through research and publication; * to compile dictionarie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Academy Of Damascus
Arab Academy of Damascus ( ar, مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق) is the oldest academy regulating the Arabic language, established in 1918 during the reign of Faisal I of Syria. It is based in al-Adiliyah Madrasa and is modeled on the language academies of Europe and founded with the explicit reference to the example of the Académie française. Arabization was the major mission of this academy after long period of Ottoman domination and use of Ottoman Turkish in major parts of the Arab world. Since establishing, it has been operated by notable committees of Arabic language professors, scholars and experts could re-spread the use of Arabic in the state's institutions and daily life of many Arab countries by adapting widely accepted proceedings and records for Arabization. Directors of this academy were as the following: * Muhammad Kurd Ali (1919–1953) * Khalil Mardam Bey Khalil Mardam Bey (1895–1959) ( ar, خليل مردم بك tr, Halil Mardam Bey) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Of The Arabic Language In Rabat
The Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization (, or ) is an institute dedicated to Arabization in Rabat, Morocco created by decree January 14, 1960. History In 1960, the Moroccan government created the Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization at Mohammed V University for the development and modernization of Arabic, with Lakhdar Ghazal as its director. Its first congress was held in 1961 in Rabat. In 1967, the Arab League entrusted the Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization with coordinating efforts to enrich Arabic with developing scientific terminologies and to standardize the Arabization of such concepts in the Arab world, Arab region. In 1975, an agreement with Morocco's and UNESCO provided funding for Lakhdar Ghazal's ASV Codar typography project. The administration of Prime Minister Saadeddine Othmani made the Institute part of the Mohammed V University in 2020. This move came after controversy arose from an attempt to place it along with the Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jordan Academy Of Arabic
The Jordan Academy of Arabic ( ar, مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني) is one of the Arabic language regulators based in Amman, Jordan. Besides the Jordan Academy of Arabic, there are 10 other Arabic language and literature regulators in the world. It has been set up to start by 1924, but could only be in real-life by 1976. It has a biannual journal named: "The Journal of Jordan Academy of Arabic" (). Many dictionaries and occasional publications have been also produced by this Academy, as its interest covers Arabization of technical and professional terms, facilitating the use of Arabic in tertiary education as well as regulating the Arabic language and literature. History The founding of the Jordan Academy of Arabic was published in the Journal of the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus in January, 1924. It was the second Arabic language regulator to be founded in the Arab world after the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus which was founded in 1919. Due to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Of The Arabic Language In Israel
The Academy of the Arabic Language (Arabic: مجمع اللغة العربية Mujma Allugha Al'arabiah; he, האקדמיה ללשון הערבית HaAkademia LaLashon HaAravit) is an institute for the study and research of the Arabic language in Israel. History The Academy of the Arabic Language, headquartered in Haifa, was established in December 2007. Among the founders is Sasson Somekh. Its activities are governed by a Knesset Law approved on March 2007 and are largely parallel those of the Hebrew Language Academy. The president of the academy is Prof. Mahmoud Ghanayem. The academy works to promote: * Study of the history of Arabic language * Study of the Arabic language: structure, terminology, grammar, lexicon, pronunciation, spelling, reading, writing and orthography including innovations in the language and adaptations stemming from technological developments and advanced computing * Editing dictionaries * Study of Arab culture and literature * Contact and cooperati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iraqi Academy Of Sciences
The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1948 in order to develop and regulate the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World. The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963. It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. See also * List of language regulators This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish ... References External links Homepage in Arabic Language regulators Arabic language Arabic language regulators Aramaic languages Kurdish language National academies of sciences 1948 establishments in Iraq Scientific organizations established in 1948 Science and technology in Ira ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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