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Midrash Eleh Ezkera
Midrash Eleh Ezkerah ( he, אֵלֶּה אֶזְכְּרָה ''ʾĒlle ʾEzkərā'') is an aggadic midrash, one of the smaller midrashim, which receives its name from the fact that a seliḥah for the Day of Atonement, which treats the same subject and begins with the words "Eleh ezkerah," recounts the execution of ten famous teachers of the Mishnah in the time of the persecution by Hadrian (see Ten Martyrs). The same event is related in a very ancient source, Eichah Rabbah. The version in ''Eleh Ezkerah'' According to the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, and a brief parallel source in Midrash Mishlei, a Roman emperor commanded the execution of the ten sages of Israel to expiate the guilt of the sons of Jacob, who had sold their brother Joseph—a crime which, according to Exodus 21:16, had to be punished with death. The names of the martyrs are given here, as in the seliḥah already mentioned (varying in part from Eichah Rabbah and Midrash Tehillim), as follows: # R. Simeon ben Gaml ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aggadic Midrash
Aggadah ( he, ''ʾAggāḏā'' or ''Haggāḏā''; Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַגָּדְתָא ''ʾAggāḏəṯāʾ''; "tales, fairytale, lore") is the non-legalistic exegesis which appears in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly the Talmud and Midrash. In general, Aggadah is a compendium of rabbinic texts that incorporates folklore, historical anecdotes, moral exhortations, and practical advice in various spheres, from business to medicine. Etymology The Hebrew word ''haggadah'' (הַגָּדָה) is derived from the Hebrew root נגד, meaning "declare, make known, expound", also known from the common Hebrew verb להגיד.Berachyahu Lifshitz, "Aggadah Versus Haggadah : Towards a More Precise Understanding of the Distinction", ''Diné Yisrael'' 24 (2007): page 23 (English section). The majority scholarly opinion is that the Hebrew word ''aggadah'' (אַגָּדָה) and corresponding Aramaic ''aggadta'' (אַגָּדְתָא) are variants of ''h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simeon Ben Gamliel
Simeon ben Gamliel (I) ( or רשב"ג הראשון; c. 10 BCE – 70 CE) was a '' Tanna'' sage and leader of the Jewish people. He served as nasi of the Great Sanhedrin at Jerusalem during the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War, succeeding his father in the same office after his father's death in 52 CE and just before the destruction of the Second Temple. The great-grandson of Hillel the Elder, he was considered to be a direct descendant of King David.(Hebrew) He was a contemporary of the high priests Ḥanan ben Ḥanan and Yehoshua ben Gamla. He is one of the Ten Martyrs mentioned in Jewish liturgy. According to the '' Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon'' he was beheaded, along with Rabbi Ishmael ben Elisha the High Priest, prior to the Temple's destruction, although the historian Josephus Flavius mentions only the execution of Ishmael in Cyrene during the First Jewish–Roman War (ca. 66-68 CE). The account is mentioned in both Tractate Semachot ch 8, and in Avot d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninth Of Ab
Tisha B'Av ( he, תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב ''Tīšʿā Bəʾāv''; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem. Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire straits and is regarded as the saddest day in the Jewish calendar, and it is thus believed to be a day which is destined for tragedy. ''Tisha B'Av'' falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. The observance of the day includes five prohibitions, most notable of which is a 25-hour fast. The Book of Lamentations, which mourns the destruction of Jerusalem, is read in the synagogue, followed by the recitation of '' kinnot'', liturgical dirges that lament the loss of the Temples and Jerusalem. As the day has become associated with remembrance of other major calamities which have befallen the Jewish people, some ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinnot
Kinnot ( he, קינות; also kinnos, kinoth, qinot, qinoth; singular kinah, qinah or kinnah) are Hebrew dirges (sad poems) or elegies. The term is used to refer both to dirges in the Hebrew Bible, and also to later poems which are traditionally recited by Jews on Tisha B'Av. In the Bible In the Hebrew Bible, the term ''kinah'' or ''qinah'' refers to a dirge or lament, especially as sung by Jewish professional mourning women. The Jerusalem Bible refers to Isaiah 47 as a ''qinah'' or "lament for Babylon", and to Ezekiel 19 as a ''qinah'' or lamentation over the rulers of Israel. A. W. Streane suggests that , on the prophesied downfall of Jerusalem, is written "in Ḳinah metre". Tisha BeAv recitation On Tisha B'Av, Jews traditionally recite a series of elegiac poems, known as ''kinnot'', after the evening and morning prayers. These poems mourn the destruction of both the First and Second Temple in Jerusalem and other tragedies in Jewish history, including the Crusades, the Exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hekalot
The Hekhalot literature (sometimes transliterated Heichalot) from the Hebrew word for "Palaces", relating to visions of ascents into heavenly palaces. The genre overlaps with ''Merkabah'' or "Chariot" literature, concerning Ezekiel's chariot, so the two are sometimes referred to together as "Books of the Palaces and the Chariot" (). The Hekhalot literature is a genre of Jewish esoteric and revelatory texts produced some time between late antiquity – some believe from Talmudic times or earlier – to the Early Middle Ages. Many motifs of later Kabbalah are based on the Hekhalot texts, and the Hekhalot literature itself is based upon earlier sources, including traditions about heavenly ascents of Enoch found among the Dead Sea scrolls and the Hebrew Bible pseudepigrapha. Texts Some of the Hekhalot texts are: * ''Hekhalot Zutartey'' ("Lesser Palaces" or "Palaces Minor"; Hebrew: היכלות זוטרתי), which details an ascent of Rabbi Akiva through the Heavens, seeking revelat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Midrash Konen
A number of midrashim exist which are smaller in size, and generally later in date, than those dealt with in the articles Midrash Haggadah and Midrash Halakah. Despite their late date, some of these works preserve material from the Apocrypha and Philo of Alexandria. These small works, were in turn used by later larger works, such as Sefer haYashar (midrash). Important editors and researchers of this material include Abraham ben Elijah of Vilna, Adolf Jellinek, and Solomon Aaron Wertheimer. Principal works The chief of these works are: * ''Midrash Abba Gorion'', a late midrash to the Book of Esther * ''Midrash Abkir'', on the first two books of the Torah. Only fragments survive. * '' Midrash Al Yithallel'', stories about David, Solomon, and the rich Korah * '' Midrash Aseret ha-Dibrot'', a haggadah for Shavuot * '' Chronicle of Moses'' (or ''Divrei ha-Yamim shel Mosheh'') * ''Midrash Eleh Ezkerah'', on the execution of the ten sages by the Roman emperor Hadrian. * '' Midra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eleazar Ben Shammua
''For other people named Eleazer. see: Eleazar (name)'' Eleazar ben Shammua or Eleazar I (Hebrew: אלעזר בן שמוע) was a rabbi of the 2nd century (4th generation of tannaim), frequently cited in rabbinic writings as simply Rabbi Eleazar (Bavli) or Rabbi Lazar רִבִּי לָֽעְזָר (Yerushalmi). He was of priestly descent and rich, and acquired great fame as a teacher of traditional law. Biography Eleazar ben Shammua was a student of Rabbi Akiva, but was not ordained by him due to the Hadrianic persecution. After Akiva's death, however, R. Judah ben Baba ordained Eleazar, together with Rabbi Meir, Jose ben Halafta, Judah bar Illai, and Simon bar Yoḥai, at a secluded spot between Usha and Shefar'am. The ordainer was detected in the act and brutally slain, but the ordained escaped, and eventually became the custodians and disseminators of Jewish tradition. Mention is made of a controversy between Eleazar and Rabbi Meir at Ardiska. He also maintained halakhi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeshbab The Scribe
Jeshbab the Scribe (or Yeshbab the Scribe, he, יְשֵבָב הַסוֹפֵר, ''Yəšēḇāḇ haSōfēr'') was a third generation Jewish Tanna sage, at the beginning of the 2nd century. He was a disciple of Joshua ben Hananiah and a colleague of Rabbi Akiva. The name is also sometimes spelled ''Jeshebeab.'' Jeshbab was benevolent, and had handed out all his property to the needy, a deed that was not viewed with favour by his colleagues. Once he wished to hand a fifth of his property to the needy, and R. Akiva ben Joseph did not allow him to do so.B. Talmud, Tractate Kethuboth, 50a Jeshbab is accounted among the Ten Martyrs The Ten Martyrs ( he, עֲשֶׂרֶת הָרוּגֵי מַלְכוּת ''ʿAsereṯ hāRūgēi Malḵūṯ'', "The Ten Royal Martyrs") were ten rabbis living during the era of the Mishnah who were martyred by the Roman Empire in the period after .... References Mishnah rabbis Jewish scribes (soferim) Jewish martyrs People executed by the Rom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanina Ben Hakinai
Hanina ben Hakinai or Hanania ben Hakinai (Hebrew: חנינא בן חכינאי) was a Tanna of the 2nd century; contemporary of Ben 'Azzai and Simeon the Yemenite. Sometimes he is cited as "ben Hakinai". Life The identities his early teachers are not known. From some versions of the Tosefta it appears that Tarfon was one of them, but that his regular teacher was Rabbi Akiva. It is related that he took leave of his wife and attended Akiva 12 or 13 years without communicating with his family, whom he recovered in a remarkable way. He was one of the few who, though not regularly ordained, were permitted to "argue cases before the sages". From a comparatively late date comes the statement that Hananiah b. Ḥakinai was one of the Ten Martyrs. Teachings Several halakhot have been preserved in his name, owing their preservation to Eleazar b. Jacob II. He also left some halakic midrashim. Hananiah delved into the "mysteries of the Creation," concerning which he consulted R. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutzpit The Interpreter
Hutzpit the Interpreter ( he, חוּצְפִּית הַמְּתוּרְגְּמָן, ''Ḥūṣpīṯ hamMəṯūrgəmān'') was a rabbi from the third generation of tannaim. Biography His title comes from his position as the interpreter of Rabban Gamaliel II: Gamaliel would speak softly, and Hutzpit would announce Gamaliel's words to the listeners. At one point he lived in Tzippori and had contact with rabbis Eleazar ben Azariah, Jeshbab the Scribe, Halafta, and Johanan ben Nuri. He is described as one of the Ten Martyrs in the Midrash Eleh Ezkerah, where he is said to have been murdered and dismembered "one day short of his 130th birthday". According to one story, Elisha ben Abuyah lost his faith after seeing Hutzpit's detached tongue lying in the dust after the murder.Kiddushin 39b References It has the following bibliography: * Zunz, G. V. p. 142; *A. Jellinek, B. H. 2:23 et seq.; 5:41; 6:17 et seq.; *Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 299. *On the problem of the synch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judah Ben Dama
Judah ben Dama was one of the Ten Martyrs slain in the Jewish literary work, the ''Midrash Eleh Ezkerah''. External links Its bibliography: * Zunz, G. V. p. 142; *A. Jellinek, B. H. 2:23 et seq.; 5:41; 6:17 et seq.; *Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 299. *On the problem of the synchronism of the ten martyrs see Heinrich Grätz Heinrich Graetz (; 31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was amongst the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective. Born Tzvi Hirsch Graetz to a butcher family in Xions (now Książ Wielkop ..., Gesch. iv. 175 et seq., and Monatsschrift, i. 314 et seq. *A German translation by P. Möbius appeared in 1845. Smaller midrashim 136 deaths Mishnah rabbis Jewish martyrs {{Judaism-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judah Ben Bava
Judah ben Bava was a rabbi in the 2nd century who ordained a number of rabbis at a time when the Roman government forbade this ceremony. The penalty was execution for the ordainer and the new rabbis. The rabbis ordained by Rabbi Judah ben Bava include Judah ben Ilai. Rabbi Judah ben Bava was killed by Hadrian's soldiers at the age of seventy, and is known as one of the Ten Martyrs. Rabbi Judah ben Bava was caught by Hadrian's soldiers while ordaining his students in a place between Usha and Shefaram. He told his students to run, but he himself was too old. Hadrian's soldiers threw 300 javelins at him, causing his death. Contributions to Talmud Judah ben Bava is the subject of many sayings and legends. He was known as "the Ḥasid," and it is said that wherever the Talmud speaks of "the Ḥasid", it is a reference either to him or to Judah ben Ilai. He authored several decisions in the Halakha, including the ruling that one witness to the death of the husband is sufficient to j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
