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Mužyckaja Prauda
''Mužyckaja prauda'' (''Peasants' Truth'' or ''Folk's Truth'') was the first Belarusian language newspaper printed in 1862-1863 by a collective led by a revolutionary Kastuś Kalinoŭski in the Belarusian Latin alphabet in a form of letters. Seven issues were printed, all under a pseudonym "Jaśko haspadar z pad Wilni" ("Jaśko, landowner from near Vilna" or "Jaśko, yeoman from near Vilna"). The newspaper was called illegal, revolutionary, "clandestine antitsarist newspaper", and manifesto. Background Konstanty Kalinowski was born in Mastaŭliany, in Grodnensky Uyezd of the Russian Empire (now Mostowlany, Poland) to a ''szlachta'' family. After graduating from a local school in Świsłocz in 1855, Kalinowski entered the faculty of Medicine of the University of Moscow. After one semester he moved to St. Petersburg, where his brother was and joined the faculty of Law at the University of St. Petersburg. Along with his brother Victor, he got himself involved in Polish students' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konstanty Kalinowski
Konstanty Kalinowski, or Wincenty Konstanty Kalinowski ( – ), was a Polish-Belarusian writer, journalist, lawyer and revolutionary. He was one of the leaders of the 1863 January Uprising on the lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He is considered a national hero in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. Particularly in Belarus, Kalinowski is revered as Father of the Nation and icon of Belarusian nationalism. Kalinowski conducted his activities in the spirit of resurrecting the common state of Lithuania, Ruthenia (now Belarus and Ukraine), and Poland in the traditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Early life and education Kalinowski was born in Mostowlany, in Grodnensky Uyezd of the Russian Empire (now Mostowlany, Poland) to a ''szlachta'' family. The Kalinowski family hailed from the Polish region of Mazovia and bore the Kalinowa coat of arms. His father, Szymon, was a manager of the Mostowlany farm and manor. His older brother, would become a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronisław Szwarce
Bronisław Antoni Szwarce (October 7, 1834The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)–February 18, 1904) was a Polish engineer and political activist. Born in France to Polish immigrants and educated there. He graduated from the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris in 1855.http://archives-histoire.centraliens.net/pdfs/annuaire88.pdf He returned to partitioned Poland and joined the radical democratic pro-independence underground. He became part of the Central National Committee but was arrested by the Russian authorities shortly before the January 1863 Uprising and exiled to Siberia.(The CNC became a provisional Polish government and Szwarce, had he not been arrested, would likely have become one of the Uprising's leaders.) During his exile, Szwarce was one of the few people to meet Walerian Łukasiński, and became a mentor to future Polish leader Józef Piłsudski Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letters From Beneath The Gallows
The ''Letters from Beneath the Gallows'' () are two letters written by Belarusian and Polish revolutionary Konstanty Kalinowski shortly before his public execution by Russian authorities. The contents of the letters call on Belarusians to resist the Russian Empire to the greatest extent possible, including through military action. Since Kalinowski's death, the letters have become a defining text of Belarusian nationalism. Contents The ''Letters from the Beneath the Gallows'' were written in a patriotic tone, calling on Belarusians to resist the Russian Empire by any means. In the first letter, Kalinowski criticises the concept of the All-Russian nation and calls for unity between Jews (referred to by Kalinowski in the letters as "the brother") and Belarusians, criticising pogroms and antisemitism as driving Jews to oppose the restoration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He proceeds to express his view that separating Belarus from Russia is an urgent matter, stating t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akanye
Akanye or akanje (, , ), literally "''a''-ing", is a sound change in Slavic languages in which the phonemes or are realized as more or less close to . It is a case of vowel reduction. The most familiar example is probably Russian akanye (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye also occurs in: * Standard Belarusian (represented orthographically) * Northern ( Polissian and Slobozhan) Ukrainian dialects * Slovene dialects (e.g., Lower Carniolan dialects),Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 2. * Some subgroups of the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian * Bulgarian dialects (e.g., the Rhodope dialects, including the Smolyan dialect). * Polish dialects (Podlasie, Kresy) Description In Belarusian ''аканне'' (akanne), both non-softened and softened and and other phonemes phonetically merge into in unstressed positions; see Belarusian phonology. In Russian '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Phonology
The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is no absolute agreement on the number of phonemes; rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars. Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called ''hard'' and ''soft'' consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol ). In some of such pairs, the place of articulation is additionally changed (see distinctive features below). Some consonants do not have palatalized counterparts. Distinctive features As an East Slavic language, Belarusian phonology is very similar to both Russian and Ukrainian phonology. The primary differences are: * Akannye () – the merger of unstressed into . The pronunciation of the merged vowel is a clear open front unrounded vowel , including after soft consonants and . In standard Russian akanye, the merger happens only afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reds (January Uprising)
The Reds () were a faction of the Polish insurrectionists during the January Uprising in 1863. They were radical democratic activists who supported the outbreak of the uprising from the outset, advocated an end to serfdom in Congress Poland and future independent Poland, without compensation to the landlords, land reform and other substantial social reforms. This contrasted them with the White faction, which only came to support the Uprising after it was already under way, and which, while also strongly supporting an end to serfdom, wanted to compensate the landowners. In general, the Reds represented liberal intellectuals while the Whites based their support on progressive landlords. The Reds were based in Warsaw and concentrated around the Medico-Chirurgical Academy, while the Whites' base of support was in Kraków. The Central National Committee () formed the leadership basis of the faction. Notable members * Oskar Awejde * Stefan Bobrowski *Jarosław DąbrowskiNorman Davi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lukiškės Square
Lukiškės Square (; other spellings include ''Łukiszki, Lukiski, Lukishki'') is the largest square (about in Vilnius, Lithuania, located in the center of the city. A major street in Vilnius, Gediminas Avenue, passes by the southern border of the square. It is surrounded by many public buildings, including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Court of Appeal, Academy of Music and Theatre, Church of Saints Philip and James, and the Dominican monastery with the former St. Jacob Hospital. History Between the 17th and 19th centuries, it was a suburb of Vilnius and called Lukiškės. The wooden Lukiškės mosque of the Lithuanian Tatars and their graveyard were prominent features of the suburb. These landmarks were destroyed by the Soviet authorities in the 1960s. In 1852, Lukishki (, as it was known in the Russian Empire) was designated to be reconstructed, and this was carried out in the 1860s, with St. George's Avenue (now Gediminas Avenue) crossing it from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court-martial
A court-martial (plural ''courts-martial'' or ''courts martial'', as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes. The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding military's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law, and can involve civilian defendants. Most navies have a standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not presume that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship be made part of the official record. Most military ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Belarusian Studies
The ''Journal of Belarusian Studies'' (formerly the ''Journal of Byelorussian Studies'') is an English language academic journal in the field of Belarusian studies. It was described as “one of the longest lasting Belarusian publishing projects in Great Britain and one of the most authoritative periodicals in the field of Belarusian studies in the world”. 1965 to 1988 The idea of an English-language academic journal in the field of Belarusian studies had been considered by the Anglo-Belarusian Society since its establishment in 1954, as the Society sought to disseminate information about Belarusians in the Western world. By 1965 the Society had found academics willing to contribute to such a journal as well as funding from the Belarusian Charitable Trust created under the auspices of the Association of Belarusians in Great Britain. The main persons behind the project were Guy Picarda and Auberon Herbert. The first issue of the journal started with an introduction by Oxford ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chorągiew Swobody, Issue 1
Chorągiew (; literally: "banner") was the basic administrative unit of the Polish and Lithuanian cavalry from the 14th century. An alternative name until the 17th century was '' rota''. 14th to 17th centuries Between the 14th and 17th century the ''Chorągiew'' was composed of smaller sub-units – the ''Poczet''. Types of ''Chorągiew'' were: * (District banner), formed by knights of a district. * (Clan banner), formed by clans. * (Court banner), formed by troops of the King. 15th century (2nd half) to 18th century (1st half) In the cavalry, since the second half of the 15th century until the first half of the 18th century, a ''Chorągiew'' was formed according to the "companion system" (system zaciągu towarzyskiego). See: ''Towarzysz'' (companion). Types of ''Chorągiew'' were: * (Hussar banner), formed by Hussars. * ("Light" banner), formed by light-cavalry. * ("Armoured" banner), formed by Pancerni. * (Tatar banner), formed by Tatars. * (Vlach banner), light ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katorga
Katorga (, ; from medieval and modern ; and Ottoman Turkish: , ) was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union). Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers. The prisoners had to perform forced labor under harsh conditions. Etymology The term "katorga" (Russian: ) originated from the Ottoman Turkish word "kadırga," which means "galley" (a type of ship). This transition reflects the historical practice where, among others, Ukrainian and Russian slaves, were subjected to severe penal labor on galleys or in similar harsh conditions. In the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, the practice of forcing slaves to work on galleys was common, and the suffering endured by these individuals was often depicted in Ukrainian dumas (songs). In the Russian language, "katorga" evolve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
