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Museum Environments
Museum environment issues include temperature, humidity, light, atmospheric pollutants, and dust, which are typically controlled in buildings that contain collections of cultural and scientific significance. These environmental factors are all 'agents of deterioration' that cause damage to objects, as they play a role in deterioration pathways such as oxidation, hydrolysis, cross-linking and chain scission. Conservators, collection managers and facility managers often work together to control the environments in which cultural heritage is stored, transported, and displayed. As the conservation-restoration profession has developed, various environmental recommendations or guidelines have emerged. The temperature and relative humidity range considered acceptable in any one cultural organisation may vary according to the type of building, the presence and type of air conditioning systems, and the types of collection material present. Many collecting organisations will also e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses quantitatively the perceptions of hotness and coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called ''centigrade''), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), the latter being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI). Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not actually reached, as recognized in the third law of thermodynamics. It would be impossible to extract energy as heat from a body at that temperature. Temperature is important in all fields of na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collections Management
Collections management involves the development, storage, and preservation of cultural property, as well as objects of contemporary culture (including contemporary art, literature, technology, and documents) in museums, libraries, archives and private collections. The primary goal of collections management is to meet the needs of the individual collector or collecting institution's mission statement , while also ensuring the long-term safety and sustainability of the cultural objects within the collector's care. Collections management, which consists primarily of the administrative responsibilities associated with collection development, is closely related to collections care, which is the physical preservation of cultural heritage. The professionals most influenced by collections management include collection managers, registrars, and archivists. Definition Cultural property collections require a great deal of care and protection in order to ensure their safety fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Institute For Conservation
The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) is a global organisation for conservation and restoration professionals with over two thousand members in over fifty countries. IIC seeks to promote the knowledge, methods and working standards needed to protect and preserve History, historic and artistic works throughout the world. Organisation and governance The current Council of the institute (2019-2020) is: Officers: * President - Julian Bickersteth (Australia) * Vice-President - Amber Kerr (Lunder Conservation Center - Smithsonian American Art Museum USA) * Vice-President - Austin Nevin (University of Gothenburg Sweden) * Vice-President - Sandra Smith (British Museum United Kingdom) * Secretary-General - Jane Henderson (Cardiff University (United Kingdom) * Treasurer - Juergen Vervoorst (The National Archives (United Kingdom)) * Director of Publications - Joyce Townsend (Tate (United Kingdom)) * Director of Communications - Amber Kerr (Lunde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Council Of Museums
The International Council of Museums (ICOM) is a non-governmental organisation dedicated to museums, maintaining formal relations with UNESCO and having a consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Founded in 1946, ICOM also partners with entities such as the World Intellectual Property Organization, Interpol, and the World Customs Organization in order to carry out its international public service missions, which include fighting illicit traffic in cultural goods and promoting risk management and emergency preparedness to protect world cultural heritage in the event of natural or man-made disasters. Members of the ICOM get the ICOM membership card, which provides free entry, or entry at a reduced rate, to many museums all over the world. History ICOM traces it roots back to the defunct International Museums Office (OIM (''Office internalional des musées'')), created in 1926 by the League of Nations. An agency of the League's International Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bizot Group
The Bizot group, sometimes called The International Group of Organizers of Major Exhibitions, and also known as ''Groupe Bizot'' (named after Irène Bizot, director of the ''Réunion des musées nationaux'', the origin of this group), is a group, founded in 1992, which periodically brings together the directors of the largest museums in the world, constituting a place for exchanging ideas, recent museum news, and a forum for discussing ideas. Purpose These meetings are intended to facilitate trade between major museums, both in terms of works and exhibitions that ideas.Emmanuel Coblence, "Le "Groupe Bizot": Une cartellisation des grandes institutions muséales?", ''Enterprises et histoire'', vol. 76, no. 3, 2014, p.143–145. The group initially included only European institutions, but then expanded to other selected institutions. In December 2002, the Bizot group published a declaration, "Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums", in which it argues against re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cellulose Acetate Film
Cellulose acetate film, or safety film, is used in photography as a base material for photographic emulsions. It was introduced in the early 20th century by film manufacturers and intended as a safe film base replacement for unstable and highly flammable nitrate film. Cellulose diacetate film was first created by the German chemists Arthur Eichengrün and Theodore Becker, who patented it under the name Cellit, from a process they devised in 1901 for the direct acetylation of cellulose at a low temperature to prevent its degradation, which permitted the degree of acetylation to be controlled, thereby avoiding total conversion to its triacetate. Cellit was a stable, non-brittle cellulose acetate polymer that could be dissolved in acetone for further processing. A cellulose diacetate film more readily dissolved in acetone was developed by the American chemist George Miles in 1904. Miles's process (partially hydrolysing the polymer) was employed commercially for photographic film ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Accelerated Aging
Accelerated aging is testing that uses aggravated conditions of heat, humidity, oxygen, sunlight, vibration, etc. to speed up the normal aging processes of items. It is used to help determine the long-term effects of expected levels of stress within a shorter time, usually in a laboratory by controlled standard test methods. It is used to estimate the useful lifespan of a product or its shelf life when actual lifespan data is unavailable. This occurs with products that have not existed long enough to have gone through their useful lifespan: for example, a new type of car engine or a new polymer for replacement joints. Physical testing or chemical testing is carried out by subjecting the product to * representative levels of stress for long time periods, * unusually high levels of stress used to accelerate the effects of natural aging, or * levels of stress that intentionally force failures (for further analysis). Mechanical parts are run at very high speed, far in exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Image Permanence Institute
The Image Permanence Institute (IPI) is a university-based, non-profit research laboratory devoted to scientific research in the preservation of visual and other forms of recorded information. It's the world's largest independent laboratory with this specific scope. IPI was founded in 1985 through the combined efforts and sponsorship of the Rochester Institute of Technology and the Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Funding for IPI's preservation research and outreach efforts has come mainly from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation of New York City in the United States, simply known as Mellon Foundation, is a private foundation with five core areas of interest, and endowed with wealth accumulated by Andrew Mellon of the Mellon family of Pit .... Additional funding comes from generous donations made by corporate supporters. IPI provides information, c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garry Thomson
Robert Howard Garry Thomson CBE, (13 September 1925 – 23 May 2007) was a conservator and a Buddhist. Biography Robert Howard Garry Thomson (known as Garry Thomson) was born on Carey Island, Malaya, where his father was a planter producing palm oil. He attended Charterhouse School, in England, after which he served with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers in India at the end of the Second World War before going on to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he read Chemistry. From 1951 to 1955, he worked on the editorial staff of ‘A History of Technology’, then began his long association with the National Gallery in London, where he started as a research chemist. Professional life Garry Thomson began his career as a Research Chemist, at the National Gallery (London), a post he held from 1955 to 1960, when he was promoted to Scientific Adviser to the Trustees and Head of the Scientific Department at the National Gallery from 1960 a post he held until his retirement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrhenius Equation
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of energy of activation. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula. Laidler, K. J. (1987) ''Chemical Kinetics'', Third Edition, Harper & Row, p. 42 Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship.Kenneth Connors, Chemical Kinetics, 1990, VCH Publishers It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally-induced processe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harold Plenderleith
Harold James Plenderleith MC FRSE FCS (19 September 1898 – 2 November 1997) was a 20th century Scottish art conservator and archaeologist. He was a large and jovial character with a strong Dundonian accent. Biography Harold Plenderleith was born in Coatbridge on 19 September 1898. He was the eldest child of Robert James Plenderleith who was art master at Harris Academy in Dundee and Harold was consequently educated there, also being school dux. His younger brother was Robert Waldron Plenderleith FRSE. He then joined University College in St Andrews in 1916 but after two terms went to officer training school due to the First World War becoming a Lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers in 1917. He served on the Western Front from August 1917. He received a shrapnel wound in the arm on the Ypres Salient. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918 for a successful night raid on a German pillbox. In 1919 he then returned to study Chemistry at University College, Dundee and g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Gallery
The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director of the National Gallery is Gabriele Finaldi. The National Gallery is an exempt charity, and a non-departmental public body of the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. Its collection belongs to the government on behalf of the British public, and entry to the main collection is free of charge. Unlike comparable museums in continental Europe, the National Gallery was not formed by nationalising an existing royal or princely art collection. It came into being when the British government bought 38 paintings from the heirs of John Julius Angerstein in 1824. After that initial purchase, the Gallery was shaped mainly by its early directors, especially Charles Lock Eastlake, and by private donations, which now account for two-thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
