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Muhammad Amin Asiyalav
Muhammad-Amin Asiyalav or Naib Emin Pasha (; Avar: МухIаммад Амин Асиялав; ; 1818 – 8 April 1901) was a North Caucasian military commander and Islamic preacher of Avar origin who served as the 4th leader of the Circassian Confederation from 1848 to 1859. He was one of the Circassian leaders in the Russo-Circassian War and the third naib of Imam Shamil. His era was marked with various reforms in industry, diplomacy, military, administration, religious issues and more. He gradually removed slavery, strictly banned social classes, built schools and small factories. Biography Early life Family and name He was born in 1818 at the Gonoda region of Dagestan. His father was Honodiyaw Hajji, and his mother was Asiya. According to Imam Shamil, his father named him "Asiyalav Muhammad" meaning "Muhammad of Asiya". Imam Shamil, when writing to him in Arabic, addressed him as "ila Muhammaduna al-amin" (to our loyal Muhammad). The Circassians and Russians mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gonoda
Gonoda (russian: Гонода; av, Гьонода) is a rural locality (a selo) in Gunibsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,417 as of 2010. There are 3 streets. Geography Gonoda is located 49 km northwest of Gunib Gunib ( av, Гъуниб), also spelled Ghunib,e.g., Francis Galton, ''Vacation Tourists and Notes of Travel in 1860 861, 1862-3', Vol. 3, p. 81; Moshe Gammer, ''Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan' ... (the district's administrative centre) by road. Gogotl and Teletl are the nearest rural localities. References Rural localities in Gunibsky District {{Dagestan-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassian Islamic Flag
Circassian may refer to: * Circassia, a former geographical region located in present-day European Russia, Northern Caucasus ** Circassian coast, on the Black Sea * Circassians, also known as Adyghe people ** Circassian diaspora * Circassian language, a Northwest Caucasian language or subgroup of languages * Circassians (historical ethnonym) — historical term, which used to be and partly is used today to denominate different peoples of the Black Sea shore and the Northern Caucasus. Other uses * USS ''Circassian'' (1862), a Union Navy steamship in the American Civil War See also * * Cerchez (other) Cerchez, Cherchez and Cerkez are Romanian words meaning " Circassian". The Circassians were a prominent minority in Northern Dobruja during the 19th century. This region now belongs to Romania. Cerchez, and its variations, may refer to: * Cerche ... {{disambig Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassian Genocide
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of 80–97% of the Circassian population, around 800,000–1,500,000 people, during and after the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864). The peoples planned for removal were mainly the Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Several methods used by Russian forces such as impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women were reported. Russian generals such as Grigory Zass described the Circassians as "subhuman filth", and glorified the mass murder of Circassian civilians,Capobianco, Michael (2012). ''Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide'' justified their use in scientific experiments, and allowed their soldiers to rape women. During the Russo-Circassian War, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of massacring Circassian civilians. Only a small percentage who accepted Russification and resettlement within the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Death March
A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way. It is distinguished in this way from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line, to a place that may be considered more secure. It is not required to evacuate prisoners that are too unwell or injured to move. In times of war such evacuations can be difficult to carry out. Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse, neglect of prisoner injury and illness, deliberate starvation and dehydration, humiliation, torture, and execution of those unable to keep up the marching pace. The march may end at a prisoner-of-war camp or internment camp, or it may continue until all the prisoners are dead. Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma was charged with failure to control his troops in 1945 in connection with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murtazeki
) , image= Chamil’s prayer before the battle (1896).jpg , caption= Shamil's prayer before the fight. Murtazeks on horseback. , dates= 1833–1859 , country= Caucasian ImamateCircassia , allegiance = imam , branch=Army , type=Infantry Cavalry , role=Border Troops, close protection , size= 1300 (1836), to 4000 (1843) , garrison= , garrison_label= , ceremonial_chief= , ceremonial_chief_label= , nickname= , patron= , motto= "There is no God but Allah" ( ar, لا اله الا الله) , colors= , colors_label= Colors , march= , mascot= , equipment=Shashkasabersdaggersguns pistols , equipment_label= , battles= , anniversaries= , decorations= , commander1= Imam Shamil Shuaib-Mulla of TsentaraMuhammad Amin AsiyalavAkhberdil MuhammadSultan-Murad Benoevsky , commander1_label=known commanders , commander2= , commander2_label= , commander3= , commander3_label= Vice commander , commander4= , commander4_label= , notable_commanders= , iden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamennomostsky
Kamennomostsky (russian: Каменномо́стский; lit. ''stone bridge''; ady, Хьаджэкъо, ''Ḥadžəqo''), also informally called Khadzhokh (), is a rural locality (a settlement) in Maykopsky District of the Republic of Adygea, Russia, located on the Belaya River south of Maykop. Population: An Adyghe ''aul'', famous for its prolonged resistance against Russian rule in the Caucasian War of 1817–1864, was located on the territory of this settlement. In 1862, a Cossack outpost was built in place of the ravaged ''aul'', which later grew into the ''stanitsa'' of Kamennomostskaya (). The ''stanitsa'' was granted urban-type settlement status in 1948 but was demoted to rural locality on March 10, 2011. Khadzhokh canyon A canyon (from ; archaic British English spelling: ''cañon''), or gorge, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosion, erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales. Rivers have a natura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teofil Lapinski
Teofil Lapinski (; ; 1827–1886) was a Polish military commander, writer, an activist against Russian imperialism and volunteer in the Circassian army during the Russo-Circassian War. Life In 1862 Lapinski published a book, ''Mountain people of Caucasus and their struggle for freedom against Russia'' (originally in German, ''Die Bergvölker des Kaukasus und ihr Freiheitskampf''), which is considered one of the early sources on ethnography of peoples of the Northern Caucasus and also contains considerable information on Russia-Georgian relations. At the time of publication, the book was one of the few sources on contemporary Georgia available in Western Europe. Lapinski was born in Austria-held Galicia and got involved in the Polish struggle for independence. He participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and then he was fighting in Crimean War The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslims
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham (or ''Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the main Islamic prophet. The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of Muhammad (''sunnah'') as recorded in traditional accounts (''hadith''). With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise more than 24.9% of the world's total population. In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at: 45% of Islam in Africa, Africa, 25% of Islam in Asia, Asia and Islam in Oceania, Oceania (collectively), 6% of Islam in Europe, Europe, and 1% of the Islam in the Americas, Americas. Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahada
The ''Shahada'' (Arabic: ٱلشَّهَادَةُ , "the testimony"), also transliterated as ''Shahadah'', is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God." The Shahada declares belief in the oneness () of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger. Some Shias also include a statement of belief in the of Ali.''The Later Mughals'' by William Irvine p. 130 A single honest recitation of the Shahada is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools. The testimonies The declaration reads: : : :: :"There is no deity but God." : : :: :"Muhammad is the messenger of God." The above two statements are commonly prefaced by the phrase ("I bear witness that"), yielding the full form: : : :: :"I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shapsugs
The Shapsug ( ady, шапсыгъ , russian: шапсуги, tr, Şapsığlar, ar, الشابسوغ, he, שפסוגים) (also known as the Shapsugh or Shapsogh) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Historically, the Shapsug tribe comprised one of the largest groups of the Black Sea Adyghe (Причерноморские адыги). They inhabited the region between the Dzhubga (in ady, Жьыбгъэ means "Winds" or "The Valley of Winds") River and the Shakhe Rivers (the so-called Maly Shapsug, or Little Shapsug) and high-altitude mountainous areas of the northern slopes of the Caucasus range along the Antkhir, Abin, Afips, Bakan, Ships, and other rivers (Bolshoy Shapsug, or Greater Shapsug). In Russia, the remaining Shapsug population mainly live in the Tuapsinsky District (Tuapse) of Krasnodar Krai, Lazarevsky City District of Sochi, and in the Republic of Adygea (mainly in District of Takhtamukaysky and District of Teuchezksky), which were a small part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemirgoys
Temirgoy or Chemirgoy or Kemgui ( ady, КIэмгуй, '; or , '; or , '; russian: Темиргоевцы, ') are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower flows of the Belaya and Laba Rivers and their lands extended north to the Kuban. After the end of the Caucasian War, most Temirgoys resettled in other Circassian villages ( Bzhedugii, Kabarda, Urupskiy (Schhaschefyzh) current Assumption district of Krasnodar region), as well as in Turkey and the Middle East. In Turkey many of the population of the village Hadzhimukohabl (now village Dondukovskaya ), are Temirgoy. They live mainly in Adygea and present diaspora. The Temirgoy dialect of Adyghe ( ady, КIэмыргъуэйбзэ, '), and the Bzhedug dialect of Adyghe are the main languages of the Circassians in the Republic of Adygea. History The Temirgoys were one of the strongest and most powerful Circassian tribes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
