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Morganellaceae
The Morganellaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that include some important human pathogens formerly classified as Enterobacteriaceae. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Genera in this family include the type genus '' Morganella'', along with '' Arsenophonus, Cosenzaea, Moellerella, Photorhabdus, Proteus, Providencia'' and '' Xenorhabdus''. The name ''Morganellaceae'' is derived from the Latin term ''Morganella'', referring the type genus of the family and the suffix "-aceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, ''Morganellaceae'' refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Morganella''. Human pathogens A number of Morganellaceae bacterial species are opportunistic human pathogens, including ''Proteus'', '' Providencia'', and occasionally '' Morganella'' in nosocomial settings. ''Proteus'' Three ''Proteus'' species '' P. vulgaris'', '' P. mirabilis'', and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacterales
Enterobacterales is an order of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, non-spore forming, Facultative anaerobic organism, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with the class Gammaproteobacteria. The type genus of this order is ''Enterobacter.'' The name Enterobacterales is derived from the Latin term ''Enterobacter'', referring the type genus of the order and the suffix "-ales", an ending used to denote an order. Together, Enterobacterales refers to an order whose nomenclatural type is the genus ''Enterobacter''. Historical Identification and Systematics Enterobacterales was proposed in 2005 under the name "Enterobacteriales". However, the name "Enterobacteriales" was not validated according to the rules of the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes,'' thus it lacked standing in nomenclature, so the name was written in parentheses. "Enterobacteriales" was a monotypic order, containing only the family ''Enterobacteriaceae'', and shared its type genus ''Esch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteus Vulgaris
''Proteus vulgaris'' is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole-positive and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It is grouped with the Morganellaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause wound infections and other species of its genera are known to cause urinary tract infections. ''P. vulgaris'' was one of the three species Hauser isolated from putrefied meat and identified (1885). Over the past two decades, the genus ''Proteus'', and in particular ''P. vulgaris'', has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions. In 1982, ''P. vulgaris'' was separated into three biogroups on the basis of indole production. Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species, ''P. penneri'', while biogroups two and three remained together as ''P. vulgaris''. Lab identification According to laborator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of Family (taxonomy), family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al. Enterobacteriaceae includes, along with many harmless Symbiosis, symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogenic bacteria, pathogens, such as ''Salmonella'', ''Escherichia coli'', ''Klebsiella'', and ''Shigella''. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include ''Enterobacter'' and ''Citrobacter''. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae can be Bacterial taxonomy#Nomenclature, trivially referred to as enterobacteria or "enteric bacteria", as several members live in the intestines of animals. In fact, the etymol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteus (bacterium)
''Proteus'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. It is a rod shaped, aerobic and motile bacteria, which is able to migrate across surfaces due its “swarming” characteristic in temperatures between 20 and 37 °C. Their size generally ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 μm in diameter and 1.0–3.0 μm in length. They tend to have an ammonia smell. ''Proteus'' bacilli are widely distributed in nature as saprophytes, being found in decomposing animal matter, sewage, manure soil, the mammalian intestine, and human and animal feces. They are opportunistic pathogens, commonly responsible for urinary and septic infections, often nosocomial. The term Proteus signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, "the old man of the sea", who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation. The first use of the term “Proteus” in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser (1885), who described under this term three types of o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteus Penneri
''Proteus penneri'' is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is an invasive pathogen and a cause of nosocomial infections of the urinary tract or open wounds. Pathogens have been isolated mainly from the urine of patients with abnormalities in the urinary tract, and from stool. ''P. penneri'' strains are naturally resistant to numerous antibiotics, including penicillin G, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, oxacillin, and most macrolides, but are naturally sensitive to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, aztreonam, quinolones, sulphamethoxazole, and co-trimoxazole. Isolates of ''P. penneri'' have been found to be multiple drug-resistant (MDR) with resistance to six to eight drugs. β-lactamase production has also been identified in some isolates. History The ''Proteus penneri'' group of bacteria was named in 1982. It reclassified a group of strains formerly known as ''Proteus vulgaris'' biogroup 1. In 1978, Brenner ''et al.'' showed through DNA hybridization studi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteus Mirabilis
''Proteus mirabilis'' is a Gram-negative, facultatively Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It shows swarming motility and urease activity. ''P. mirabilis'' causes 90% of all ''Proteus (bacterium), Proteus'' infections in humans. It is widely distributed in soil and water. ''Proteus mirabilis'' can migrate across the surface of solid media or devices using a type of cooperative group motility called swarming. ''Proteus mirabilis'' is most frequently associated with Urinary tract infection, infections of the urinary tract, especially in complicated or catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Diagnosis An alkaline urine sample is a possible sign of ''P. mirabilis''. It can be diagnosed in the lab due to characteristic swarming motility, and inability to metabolize lactose (on a MacConkey agar plate, for example). Also ''P. mirabilis'' produces a very distinct fishy odor. Disease This rod-shaped bacterium has the ability to produce high levels of urease, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arsenophonus Nasoniae
''Arsenophonus nasoniae'' is a species of bacterium which was previously isolated from '' Nasonia vitripennis'', a species of parasitoid wasp. These wasps are generalists which afflict the larvae of parasitic carrion flies such as blowflies, houseflies and flesh flies. ''A. nasoniae'' belongs to the phylum Pseudomonadota and family Morganellaceae. The genus '' Arsenophonus'', has a close relationship to the Proteus (bacterium) rather than to that of Salmonella and Escherichia. The genus is composed of gammaproteobacterial, secondary-endosymbionts which are gram-negative. Cells are non-flagellated, non-motile, non-spore forming and form long to highly filamentous rods. Cellular division is exhibited through septation. The name Arsenophonus nasoniae'' gen. nov., sp. nov.' was therefore proposed for the discovered bacterium due to its characteristics and its microbial interaction with ''N. vitripennis''. The type strain of ''A. nasoniae'' is Strain SKI4 (ATCC 49151). Isolat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenorhabdus
''Xenorhabdus'' is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus are only known to live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus '' Steinernema''. Although no free-living forms of ''Xenorhabdus'' have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. However, it has been demonstrated that the nematode can't establish within its insect host without the bacteria. The tripartite ''Xenorhabdus''-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species. In the laboratory, some species are virulent even when artificially injected into the insect host, whereas others species need the nematode to affect the insect. Lifecycle # In the non-infestant-stage nematode living in the soil, ''Xenorhabdus'' spp. are carried in a specialized region of the intestine, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Providencia (bacterium)
''Providencia'' is genus of Gram-negative, motile bacteria of the family Morganellaceae. It was named after Providence, Rhode Island, where C. A. Stuart and colleagues studied these bacteria at Brown University. Providencia pathogens of humans Some species are opportunistic pathogens in humans. ''Providencia stuartii'' can cause urinary tract infections, particularly in patients with long-term indwelling Foley catheter, urinary catheters or extensive severe Burn (injury), burns. Alternatively, ''Providencia rettgeri'' is a common cause of traveller's diarrhoea. Providencia pathogens in insects Many strains have been isolated from the haemolymph of ''Drosophila melanogaster'' fruit flies. These strains display different levels of virulence. For example ''Providencia sneebia'' is highly virulent, and infection always results in fly mortality. Alternatively, ''Providencia rettgeri, P. rettgeri'' displays an intermediate virulence wherein some individuals survive infection, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arsenophonus
''Arsenophonus'' is a genus of Morganellaceae, of the Gammaproteobacteria. Members of the ''Arsenophonus'' genus are increasingly discovered bacterial symbionts of arthropods that are estimated to infect over 5% of arthropod species globally and form a variety of relationships with hosts across the mutualism parasitism continuum. ''Arsenophonus'' bacteria have been identified in a diversity of insect taxa, including economically important species such as the Western honey bee and the rice pest ''Nilaparvata lugens''. The majority of work on ''Arsenophonus'' has been done on the type species ''Arsenophonus nasoniae'' for which genetic manipulation has been successful in achieving ''in vivo'' tracking of the bacterium. ''Arsenophonus nasoniae'' infects '' Nasonia'' parasitic wasps, is vertically transmitted, passed from a female wasp to the fly host during parasitisation, and then acquired by her hatching larvae feeding on the microbe. It has a male-killing phenotype. Infection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photorhabdus
''Photorhabdus'' is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name ''photo'' (which means light producing) and ''rhabdus'' (rod shape). ''Photorhabdus'' is known to be pathogenic to a wide range of insects and has been used as biopesticide in agriculture. Life cycle ''Photorhabdus'' species facilitate the reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes by infecting and killing susceptible insect larvae. Entomopathogenic nematodes are normally found in soil. Nematodes infect larval hosts by piercing the larval cuticle. When the nematode enters an insect larvae, ''Photorhabdus'' species are released by the nematodes and will produce a range of toxins, killing the host within 48 hours. ''Photorhabdus'' species feed on the cadaver of the insect and the process converts the cadaver into a nutrient source for the nematode. Mature nematodes leave the depleted body of the insect and search for new hosts to infect. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urinary Tract Infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra (urethritis) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination (dysuria), frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection, on the other hand, are more systemic and include fever or Abdominal pain, flank pain usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely, the urine may appear Hematuria, bloody. Symptoms may be vague or non-specific at the extremities of age (i.e. in patients who are very young or old). The most common cause of infection is ''Escherichia coli'', though other bacteria or fungi may sometimes be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes mellitus, diabetes, obesity, catheterisation, and famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
