Minimum Evolution

	Minimum Evolution Minimum evolution is a distance method employed in phylogenetics modeling. It shares with maximum parsimony the aspect of searching for the phylogeny that has the shortest total sum of branch lengths. The theoretical foundations of the minimum evolution (ME) criterion lay in the seminal works of both Kidd and Sgaramella-Zonta (1971) and Rzhetsky and Nei (1993). In these frameworks, the molecular sequences from taxa are replaced by a set of measures of their dissimilarity (i.e., the so-called "evolutionary distances") and a fundamental result states that if such distances were unbiased estimates of the ''true evolutionary distances'' from taxa (i.e., the distances that one would obtain if all the molecular data from taxa were available), then the ''true phylogeny'' of taxa would have an expected length shorter than any other possible phylogeny T compatible with those distances. Relationships with and comparison with other methods Maximum parsimony It is worth noting her ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Distance Matrices In Phylogeny Distance matrices are used in phylogeny as non-parametric distance methods and were originally applied to phenetic data using a matrix of pairwise distances. These distances are then reconciled to produce a tree (a phylogram, with informative branch lengths). The distance matrix can come from a number of different sources, including measured distance (for example from immunology, immunological studies) or morphometric analysis, various pairwise distance formulae (such as euclidean distance) applied to discrete morphological characters, or genetic distance from sequence, restriction fragment, or allozyme data. For phylogenetic character data, raw distance values can be calculated by simply counting the number of pairwise differences in character states (Hamming distance). Distance-matrix methods Distance-matrix methods of phylogenetic analysis explicitly rely on a measure of "genetic distance" between the sequences being classified, and therefore they start with a multiple sequence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Olivier Gascuel Olivier Gascuel (born 1956) is a French researcher in bioinformatics. He is a research director at the CNRS. His work focuses in particular on phylogeny. He was the director of the Centre for Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology at the Pasteur Institute from 2015 till 2020. In 2021, he joined the Institute of Systematics, Evolution, Biodiversity (ISYEB) at the National Museum of Natural History, France. Biography In 1975, Olivier Gascuel joined the École normale supérieure de Cachan, where he studied mathematics and then specialized in computer science. In parallel, he studied architecture. In 1981, he defended a doctoral thesis on expert systems for medical diagnosis,BioinfoFR: Questions à ... Olivier Gascuel entretien réalisé en 2013 then joined the CNRS as a research fell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Metaheuristic In computer science and mathematical optimization, a metaheuristic is a higher-level procedure or heuristic designed to find, generate, tune, or select a heuristic (partial search algorithm) that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem or a machine learning problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity. Metaheuristics sample a subset of solutions which is otherwise too large to be completely enumerated or otherwise explored. Metaheuristics may make relatively few assumptions about the optimization problem being solved and so may be usable for a variety of problems. Their use is always of interest when exact or other (approximate) methods are not available or are not expedient, either because the calculation time is too long or because, for example, the solution provided is too imprecise. Compared to optimization algorithms and iterative methods, metaheuristics do not guarantee that a globally optimal sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Neighbor-joining In bioinformatics, neighbor joining is a bottom-up (agglomerative) clustering method for the creation of phylogenetic trees, created by Naruya Saitou and Masatoshi Nei in 1987. Usually based on DNA or protein sequence data, the algorithm requires knowledge of the distance between each pair of taxa (e.g., species or sequences) to create the phylogenetic tree. The algorithm Neighbor joining takes a distance matrix, which specifies the distance between each pair of taxa, as input. The algorithm starts with a completely unresolved tree, whose topology corresponds to that of a star network, and iterates over the following steps, until the tree is completely resolved, and all branch lengths are known: # Based on the current distance matrix, calculate a matrix Q (defined below). # Find the pair of distinct taxa i and j (i.e. with i \neq j) for which Q(i,j) is smallest. Make a new node that joins the taxa i and j, and connect the new node to the central node. For example, in part (B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Heuristic Search A heuristic or heuristic technique (''problem solving'', '' mental shortcut'', ''rule of thumb'') is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision. Context Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier (2011) state that sub-sets of ''strategy'' include heuristics, regression analysis, and Bayesian inference. Heuristics are strategies based on rules to generate optimal decisions, like the anchoring effect and utility maximization problem. These strategies depend on using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings, machines and abstract issues ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	APX-hard In computational complexity theory, the class APX (an abbreviation of "approximable") is the set of NP optimization problems that allow polynomial-time approximation algorithms with approximation ratio bounded by a constant (or constant-factor approximation algorithms for short). In simple terms, problems in this class have efficient algorithms that can find an answer within some fixed multiplicative factor of the optimal answer. An approximation algorithm is called an f(n)-approximation algorithm for input size n if it can be proven that the solution that the algorithm finds is at most a multiplicative factor of f(n) times worse than the optimal solution. Here, f(n) is called the ''approximation ratio''. Problems in APX are those with algorithms for which the approximation ratio f(n) is a constant c. The approximation ratio is conventionally stated greater than 1. In the case of minimization problems, f(n) is the found solution's score divided by the optimum solution's score, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Raffaele Pesenti Raffaele () is an Italian given name and surname, variant of the English Raphael. Notable people with the name include: Given name Raffaele Amato (born 1965), Italian mobster Raffaele Cutolo (1941–2021), Italian mobster Raffaele Ganci (1932–2022), Italian mobster Raffaele Cantone (born 1963), Italian magistrate Raffaele Di Gennaro (born 1993), Italian footballer Raffaele De Rosa (born 1987), Italian motorcycle racer Raffaele Di Paco (1908–1996), Italian cyclist Raffaele Fitto (born 1969), Italian politician Raffaele Guariglia (1889–1970), Italian politician Raffaele Lombardo (born 1950), Italian politician Raffaele Palladino (born 1984), Italian footballer Raffaele Pinto (1945–2020), Italian racing driver Raffaele Pisu (1925–2019), Italiano actor Raffaele Riario (1461–1521), Italian cardinal Raffaele Rossetti (1881–1951), Italian politician Raffaele Carlo Rossi (1876–1948), Italian cardinal Raffaele Viviani (1888–1950), Italian artist Raffaele C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Martin Frohn Martin may refer to: Places Antarctica * Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land * Port Martin, Adelie Land * Point Martin, South Orkney Islands Europe * Martin, Croatia, a village * Martin, Slovakia, a city * Martín del Río, Aragón, Spain * Martín River, a tributary of the Ebro river in Spain * Martin (Val Poschiavo), Switzerland England * Martin, Hampshire * Martin, Kent * Martin, East Lindsey, Lincolnshire, a hamlet and former parish * Martin, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire, a village and parish * Martin Hussingtree, Worcestershire * Martin Mere, a lake in Lancashire ** WWT Martin Mere, a wetland nature reserve that includes the lake and surrounding areas North America Canada * Rural Municipality of Martin No. 122, Saskatchewan, Canada * Martin Islands, Nunavut, Canada United States * Martin, Florida * Martin, Georgia * Martin, Indiana * Martin, Kentucky * Martin, Louisiana * Martin, Michigan * Martin, Nebraska * Martin, North Dakota * Martin, Ohio * Martin, South Carolina * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Arndt Von Haeseler Arndt von Haeseler (born 28 February 1959) is a German bioinformatician and evolutionary biologist. He is the scientific director of the Max F. Perutz Laboratories at the Vienna Biocenter and a professor of bioinformatics at the University of Vienna and the Medical University of Vienna. Education Arndt von Haeseler obtained a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Bielefeld in 1988 under the supervision of Andreas Dress and Hans-Georg Carstens. He habilitated in 1994 at the Department of Zoology of the University of Munich, where he remained as a lecturer until 1998. Research and career From 1998 until 2001, von Haeseler was a group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. From 2001 until 2005, he was professor of bioinformatics at the University of Düsseldorf. He was a group leader in bioinformatics at Forschungszentrum Jülich. In 2005, he joined the Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL) in Vienna, where he leads the Center for I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
	Richard Desper Richard is a male given name. It originates, via Old French, from Old Frankish and is a compound of the words descending from Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic ''rīk-'' 'ruler, leader, king' and ''hardu-'' 'strong, brave, hardy', and it therefore means 'strong in rule'. Nicknames include "Richie", "Dick (nickname), Dick", "Dickon", "Dickie (name), Dickie", "Rich (given name), Rich", "Rick (given name), Rick", "Rico (name), Rico", "Ricky (given name), Ricky", and more. Richard is a common English (the name was introduced into England by the Normans), German and French male name. It's also used in many more languages, particularly Germanic, such as Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Dutch, as well as other languages including Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Finnish. Richard is cognate with variants of the name in other European languages, such as the Swedish "Rickard", the Portuguese and Spanish "Ricardo" and the Italian "Riccardo" (see comprehensive variant list belo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]