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Mexiana
Mexiana ( Portuguese: ''Ilha Mexiana'' ) is a coastal island in the Brazilian state of Pará. The island is part of the municipality of Chaves. The Equator runs through the island. Mexiana is located where the Amazon River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It is separated from the island Marajó by the ''Canal Sul'' (South Channel) of this river and from neighbouring island Caviana by the ''Canal Perigoso'' ("Dangerous Channel"). The latter is called such because sandbanks make navigation perilous during low tides. In the early 18th century, the leader of the indigenous groups living on Caviana was called Gaaimara. Between 1725 and 1728, they repeatedly attacked the Aruã on neighbouring Caviana together with the French. In the 19th century, the island was in the possession of the Pombo family, which originated from the Kingdom of Galicia. Started from the middle of that century, they used it for the extraction of rubber. Around the same time, Mexiana was visited by the English ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caviana
Caviana (Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''Ilha Caviana'', formerly in Aruã language: ''Uyruma'') is a coastal island in the Brazilian state Pará. The island is part of the Amazon Delta. In the 17th and 18th Century it was the stronghold of the Aruã people. From the island a tidal bore called the ''pororoca'' can be observed. Between 1845 and 1850, a strong ''pororoca'' split the island into two parts, called Inner and Outer Caviana. Geography Caviana is part of the municipality Chaves, Pará, Chaves. The Equator runs through Outer Caviana, as well as the 50th meridian west. It is the third-largest island in the Amazon Delta, after Marajó and Ilha Grande de Gurupá. Caviana was formed in the Tertiary period, Tertiary epoch, from river sediments and soil consolidation, consolidated terrain. At the beginning of the Holocene 12,000 years ago, it was already separated from the mainland. The island belongs to the Marajó Archipelago, it is located opposite the north coast of Mara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marajó Archipelago
The Marajó Archipelago (' is the largest fluvial-maritime archipelago on Earth. Located in the Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará, the island group has approx. 2,500 islands. The main island of the archipelago also has the name of Marajó, having about 42,000 km² of area, considered, due to its size, as the largest coastal island in Brazil, extending from the mouth of the Amazon River, between the Line of the Equator and the parallel 1.55º south latitude and, in the E/W direction between the meridians 47º and 53º west longitude, until the Atlantic Ocean. The aquatic and forming limits of the archipelago are: the Atlantic Ocean (north); Marajó Bay (east); the Pará River estuary complex (south), and; the Amazon Delta (west). Most important islands The largest and most important islands include: *Marajó Island: the largest and most populated island in the archipelago; * Grande de Gurupá Island; * Island of Franco; * Island of Brique; * Island of Flautino; * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scaled Spinetail
The scaled spinetail (''Cranioleuca muelleri'') is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is endemic to the lower Amazon River in Brazil, where it inhabits várzea forests and tropical or subtropical swamplands. Description The scaled spinetail is a dark bird with scaly-looking undersides, a pale supercilium, dark brown upperparts and rufuous crown, wings and tail. The tail is graduated, with basally stiffened rectrices, pointed at tips. Breast and belly are very pale buff-brown; the feathers of throat, breast and belly are edged dark olive, creating a coarse, scaled appearance. It measures in length. Distribution and habitat The scaled spinetail is endemic to the east Amazon River in Brazil, ranging from extreme eastern Amazonas, eastern to southern Amapá and Mexiana Island in Pará. It inhabits flooded tropical evergreen forest, restricted to the undergrowth and midstory of Brazilian várzea forests (seasonally flooded forests). It ranges from 0–200 m elevati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaves, Pará
Chaves is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Pará. Its population as of 2020 is estimated to be 23,948 people. The area of the municipality is 13,084.879 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion Marajó and to the microregion of ''Arari''. Chaves is located near the point where the Amazon River enters the Atlantic Ocean. A number of islands are part of the municipality, the largest of which are Caviana and Mexiana. The municipality is contained in the Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area, a sustainable use conservation unit established in 1989 to protect the environment of the delta region. In the 17th and 18th Century, the area was inhabited by the Aruã, mainly around the Ganhoão River. Most of them migrated to Amapá and French Guiana after the Treaty of the Mapuá. In 1793, the Portuguese transferred the ones who had stayed to the lower Tocantins River. On the coast of Chaves, ceramic fragments related to them could still be found, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marajó
Marajó () is a large coastal island in the state of Pará, Brazil. It is the main and largest of the islands in the Marajó Archipelago. Marajó Island is separated from the mainland by Marajó Bay, Pará River, smaller rivers (especially Macacos and Tajapuru), Companhia River, Jacaré Grande River, Vieira Grande Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. From approximately 400 BC to 1600 AD, Marajó was the site of an advanced pre-Cabraline society called the Marajoara culture, which may have numbered more than 100,000 people at its peak. Today, the island is known for its large water buffalo population, as well as the ''pororoca'' tidal bore periodically exhibited by high tides overcoming the usual complex hydrodynamic interactions in the surrounding rivers. It is the second-largest island in South America, and the 35th largest island in the world. With a land area of Marajó is comparable in size to Switzerland. Its maximum span is long and in perpendicular width. Geography ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aruã People
The Aruã were an Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous people in Brazil. In the 17th and 18th Century, they lived near the mouth of the Amazon River. Their stronghold was on the island Caviana, with a large presence in the north-east of the island Marajó. The Aruã language belongs to the Arawakan languages, Arawakan family. Name Through the centuries, people who described the Aruã have used different spellings for their name. When ethnographist Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna, Ferreira Penna spoke in 1877 with the last Aruã in the town Afuá, who was around 75 years old, he self-designated their people as ''Àroanáuintá''. The first written mention of their name is in documents from 1621 by the Irish settler Bernard O'Brien, who spells it as ''Arrua''. On maps of Guyana by Joannes de Laet from the year 1625, a group of islands north of Marajó is denoted ''Arouen I.'' Walloon Huguenot Jessé de Forest wrote about the ''Arouen'' who "wear their hair long like women". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Galicia
The Kingdom of Galicia was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In the early 10th century, the Kingdom of Galicia was formed following the division of the Kingdom of Asturias after the death of Alfonso III of Asturias, Alfonso III in 910. His sons split the kingdom, with Ordoño II inheriting Galicia. While Galicia became a distinct political entity, it remained closely tied to the Leonese and Asturian realms through dynastic connections. Later, Ordoño II would integrate Galicia into the Kingdom of León when he inherited the latter. Though the Kingdom of Galicia had moments of semi-independence, it was typically seen as part of the Kingdom of León. Santiago de Compostela, Compostela became the capital of Galicia in the 11th century, while the independence of Portugal (1128) determined its southern boundary. The accession of Castilian King Ferdinand III of Castile, Ferdinand II ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area
The Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area () is an environmental protection area in the state of Pará, Brazil. It protects the Marajó Archipelago, made up of marine fluvial islands in the area where the Amazon and Tocantins rivers converge and flow into the Atlantic. Covering almost it is larger than some countries in Europe. The area is inhabited, but human activities are limited to some extent to reduce ecological damage. Location The Marajó Archipelago Environmental Protection Area (APA) is divided between the Pará municipalities of Afuá (14.2%), Anajás (11.78%), Breves (16.15%), Cachoeira do Arari (5.21%), Chaves (22.44%), Curralinho (6.09%), Muaná (6.37%), Ponta de Pedras (5.7%), Salvaterra (1.75%), Santa Cruz do Arari (1.69%), Soure (5.94%) and São Sebastião da Boa Vista (2.67%). It has an area of . This makes it larger than some European countries. The APA includes the island of Marajó and about 3,000 other islands and islets to the nor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peccary
Peccaries (also javelinas or skunk pigs) are pig-like ungulates of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). They are found throughout Central and South America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and in the southwestern area of North America. Peccaries usually measure between in length, and a full-grown adult usually weighs about . They represent the closest relatives of the family Suidae, which contains pigs and relatives. Together Tayassuidae and Suidae are grouped in the suborder Suina within the order Artiodactyla ( even-toed ungulates). Peccaries are social creatures that live in herds. They are omnivores and eat roots, grubs, and a variety of other foods. They can identify each other by their strong odors. A group of peccaries that travel and live together is called a squadron. A squadron of peccaries averages between six and nine members. Peccaries first appeared in North America during the Miocene and migrated into South America during the Pliocene–Pleistocene as part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slavery In Brazil
Slavery in Brazil began long before the Colonial Brazil, first Portuguese settlement. Later, colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions of bandeirantes (derived from the word for "flags", from the flag of Portugal they carried in a symbolic claiming of new lands for the country). The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. Europeans and Chinese were also enslaved. During the Atlantic slave trade era, Brazil imported more enslaved Africans than any other country in the world. Brazil's foundation was built on the exploitation and enslavement of indigenous peoples and Africans. Out of the 12 million Africans who were forcibly brought to the New World, approximately 5.5 million were brought to Brazil between 1540 and the 1860s. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Russel Wallace
Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection; his 1858 paper on the subject was published that year On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, alongside extracts from Charles Darwin's earlier writings on the topic. It spurred Darwin to set aside the Natural Selection (manuscript), "big species book" he was drafting and to quickly write an Abstract (summary), abstract of it, which was published in 1859 as ''On the Origin of Species''. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, starting in the Amazon River basin. He then did fieldwork in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the ani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
