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Malak (title)
Malak ( Harari: መላቅ) (sometimes spelled ''Malaq'') was an administrative designation in the Horn of Africa. Etymology Polish linguist Wolf Leslau notes that the term Malaq signifies chief for one of the five gates of Harar. It is derived from two Harari words, "mala" and "aqa," which together mean 'who knows the way and means.' German historian Manfred Kropp, suggests that it may be associated with another Harari term the Malassay. Additionally, Malak denotes ‘chief’ in Somali, a term borrowed from Harari, as stated by Italian linguist Giorgio Banti and historian Enrico Cerulli. It also signifies ‘chief’ in both the Afar and Oromo languages. History Israeli historian Avishai Ben-Dror asserts that the term "Malak" has its roots in the fifteenth century within the context of the Adal Sultanate. In the 1600s, the leader of the Imamate of Aussa was referred to as Malaq Adam b. Sadiq. This designation persisted in the successor states of Adal, including the A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Harari Language
Harari is an Ethio-Semitic language spoken by the Harari people of Ethiopia. Old Harari is a literary language of the city of Harar, a central hub of Islam in the Horn of Africa. According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, it is spoken by 25,810 people. Harari is closely related to the Eastern Gurage languages, Zay, and Siltʼe, all of whom are believed to be linked to the now extinct Semitic Harla language. Locals or natives of Harar refer to their language as or ( is the word for how Harari speakers refer to the city of Harar, whose name is an exonym). According to Wolf Leslau, Sidama is the substratum language of Harari and influenced the vocabulary greatly. He identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari and deduced that it may have Cushitic roots. Harari was originally written with a version of the Arabic script, Harari script, then the Ethiopic script was adopted to write the language. Some Harari speakers in diaspora write their language with the Latin a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Imamate Of Aussa
The Imamate of Aussa, also spelled Imamate of Awsa, was a medieval Sunni Muslim imamate in present-day eastern Ethiopia and north-western Djibouti. Muhammad Gasa established the seat of power to Aussa from Harar in 1577, as the latter was too exposed to Oromo invasions. Internal strife arose from conflicts between the Harla and Arab factions. A Harar faction split from the Imamate in 1647 forming their own independent emirate. The 17th century saw the inclusion of upland Harla and Doba populations playing a pivotal role in the establishment of the Aussa Sultanate. The state was disestablished in 1734 and in 1769, the Mudaito dynasty successfully overthrew the Kabirto of Harla. Origin Harar which had held the position of the capital for 58 years between 1519 and 1576, was too exposed to the frequent Oromo attacks and as a result, lost its strategic importance. Consequently, the new Imamate decided to relocate its capital to Aussa, which was more defensible and provided a mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Royal Titles
Traditional rank amongst European imperiality, royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences. Distinction should be made between reigning (or formerly reigning) families and the nobility – the latter being a social class subject to and created by the former. Sovereign * The word ''monarch'' is derived from the Greek , ''monárkhēs'', "sole ruler" (from , ''mónos'', "single" or "sole", and , ''árkhōn'', "archon", "leader", "ruler", "chief", the word being the present participle of the verb , ''árkhein'', "to rule", "to lead", this from the noun , ''arkhē'', "beginning", "authority", "principle") through the Latinized form . * The word ''sovereign'' is derived from the Latin ("above"). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Society Of Somalia
A society () is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. Human social structures are complex and highly cooperative, featuring the specialization of labor via social roles. Societies construct roles and other patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or concepts acceptable or unacceptable—these expectations around behavior within a given society are known as societal norms. So far as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis. Societies vary based on level of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kabir (teacher)
Kabir ( Harari: ከቢር) (sometimes spelled ''kabeer'') is an honorific title in the Harari language. It commonly designates a Muslim scholar or a teacher. Enrico Cerulli states the term is of Ethiopian Semitic origin. History According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh, the companions of the leaders of Adal Sultanate; Abun Adashe and Ahmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi were stated to be Kabirs. A son of a Kabir named Abbas briefly ruled the Imamate of Aussa in 1585. According to the Afar locals in Afambo a Harari Muslim scholar by the name Kabir Hamza arrived into the region, and introduced Hanafi legal school into Aussa his descendants today are known as ''"Kabirtu"'' and identify as Harla. Kabirtu in Afar trace their lineage to the Walasma dynasty. Kabir Hamza Mahmud al-Awsiyyi a Harla clan affiliate was known as the scholar of Aussa. Notables People with the title include: *Kabir Khalil, scholar in the Emirate of Harar *Kabir Muhammad, Muezzin of Ahmed ibn Ib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ughaz
Ughaz (sometimes spelled ''Ugass'', ''Ugas'' or ''Ougaz'') is a traditional Somalis, Somali title. It is primarily used by the Dir (clan), Dir and Darod clans. Etymology According to Italians, Italian linguist Giorgio Banti, the term ''"Ughaz"'' is of Ethio-Semitic languages, Ethio-Semitic origin. However Djiboutians, Djiboutian researcher, Ali Moussa Iye, states that the term ''"Ughaz"'' is composed of the two Somali language, Somali terms ''"ul"'' and ''"gaas"'' meaning ''"the stick of the warrior’s chief".'' Americans, American archeologist, Julien Cooper, labeled ''"gas/gos"'' as a pan-Cushitic languages, Cushitic kinship root word with various reflexes such as ''"Ughaz"'' in Somali language, Somali and ''"Gosa"'' in Burji language, Burji. He later stated that this required further research. History After the downfall of the Adal Sultanate in the sixteenth century, the region descended into turmoil, which led to the establishment of the Ughaz. This figure was endowed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Garad
Garad ( Harari: ገራድ, , , Oromo: ''Garaada'') is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate. Etymology The origin of the term ''Garad'' is uncertain. According to Enrico Cerulli, Garad originates from the era of Adal. Garad denotes a headman within a ''"Gaar"'' (clan/house). In the Somali language ''Garad'' roughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom". Another word origin in the Somali language is ''Gar Aad'', which is the concatenation of the words "justice" and "move towards", therefore the literal meaning of Garad in Somali is "one who seeks justice" Garad also denotes a ''"chief"'' in Harari and Silt'e languages respectively. Historian Abdurahman Garad states Garad is derived from the Harari term agârada "to observe well" thus closely associated with the uniquely Harari title " Malak". Accord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Hegano
Hegano ( Harari: ሔገኖ) sometimes called Haygan or Hayjan was an administrative title in the Horn of Africa. Etymology According to historian Abdurahman Garad, Hegano is an extract from the root Harari word ''Hegan'' “lieutenant” or ''Hegana'' ”to proxy”. Its also utilized in a similar manner by the languages of Silt'e and Wolane people. History Hegano first appears in the fifteenth century emperor Zara Yaqob chronicles which states the rulers of the Abyssinian provinces of Gabar-ge and Wej were designated by this term. It was also applied by the chiefs of Ganz province and linked to rulers of Bale. According to sixteenth century Adal writer Arab Faqīh, a Malassay soldier of Adal Sultanate who participated in the Ethiopian-Adal war was styled Alus bin al-Haygan. During the Adalite occupation of Abyssinia the administrators of Ifat also held the title Hegano based on the Emirate of Harar chronicles. Towards the end of the sixteenth century the ruler of Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
ʽAli Ibn Daʽud
ʽAli ibn Daʽud was the first Emir of Harar and ruled from 1647–1671. He founded a new dynasty of rulers which ruled the city of Harar and its surrounding areas. Prior to becoming emir, he had held the title Malak. According to Richard Pankhurst, during his reign, the Harar's problems with the surrounding Oromos continued. In 1662 the Emir's troops met in battle of the Illamo Oromo, "which resulting in heavy casualties, doubtless on both sides," notes Pankhurst. "Those killed included the Amir's son Sabr ad-Din."Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 377 He was succeeded by his son, Abdallah I ibn Ali. See also * List of emirs of Harar * Emirate of Harar * Harar Harar (; Harari language, Harari: ሀረር / ; ; ; ), known historically by the indigenous as Harar-Gey or simply Gey (Harari: ጌይ, ݘٛىيْ, ''Gēy'', ), is a List of cities with defensive walls, walled city in eastern Ethiopia. It is al ... References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Emirate Of Harar
The Emirate of Harar was a Muslim kingdom founded in 1647 when the Harari people refused to accept Imām ʿUmardīn Ādam as their ruler and broke away from the Imamate of Aussa to form their own state under `Ali ibn Da`ud. The Harar, city of Harar Gey served as its sole capital. Prior to its invasion by Shewan forces under Menelik II, the League of Nations noted that the Harar Emirate made up the area between the rivers Awash River, Awash and Shebelle River, Shebelle while the Ogaden was a tributary state. Originally however the Harar Emirate composed of present-day Somalia, Karanle and to the south of eastern Ethiopia including the Arsi Province. Numerous Oromo people, Oromo and Somali people, Somali clans in the region paid tax to the Emirate as late as the 18th century despite their gradual annexation of lands in the Harari state. Harar also dominated trade in Shewa. Harar's influence began shrinking in the 19th century possibly due to lack of resources and famine. Like all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Aussa Sultanate
The Sultanate of Aussa was a kingdom that existed in the Afar Region in southern Eritrea, eastern Ethiopia and Djibouti from the 18th to the 20th century. It was considered to be the leading monarchy of the Afar people, to whom the other Afar rulers nominally acknowledged primacy. The Ethiopian Empire nominally laid claim to the region but were met with harsh resistance. Due to their skills in desert warfare, the Afars managed to remain independent, unlike other similar groups in the region. The Sultan Yayyo visited Rome along with countless other nobility from across East Africa to support the creation of Italian East Africa. This marked the end of the region's independence and it was disestablished and incorporated into Italian East Africa as a part of the Eritrean Governorate and the Harar Governorate. History Imamate of Aussa Afar society has traditionally been divided into petty kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan.Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet, ''Lonely Plane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Adal (historical Region)
Adal ( Harari: አደል; Somali: Awdal), known as Awdal or Aw Abdal was a historical Muslim region in the Horn of Africa. Located east of Ifat and the Awash river as far as the coast, and including Harar as well as Zeila. The Zeila state often denoted Adal and other Muslim dominions in medieval texts. Geography Adal was situated east of the province of Ifat and was a general term for a region inhabited by Muslims. According to Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvarez, Adal in 1520 bordered on the Abyssinian frontier province of Fatagar in the west and stretched to Cape Guardafui in the east. He further stated that it was confined by the Kingdom of Dankali in the north west and that the leaders of Adal were considered saints by the locals for their warfare with neighboring Abyssinia. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabitant low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire. Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe in modern Dji ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
