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Machine-or-transformation Test
In United States patent law, the machine-or-transformation test is a test of patent eligibility under which a claim to a process qualifies for consideration if (1) the process is implemented by a particular machine in a non-conventional and non-trivial manner or (2) the process transforms an article from one state to another.Stefania Fusco "Is In re Bilski a Deja Vu?" ''2009 Stan. Tech. L. Rev.'' P1 The origin of the test can be traced to the 1972 government's reply brief on the merits in the US Supreme Court case ''Gottschalk v. Benson'': The test was also mentioned in the 1970s patent-eligibility trilogy—''Gottschalk v. Benson'', '' Parker v. Flook'', and '' Diamond v. Diehr''. The "machine-or-transformation test" was finally endorsed in 2008 by Federal Circuit in '' Bilski'', while explicitly overruling its earlier “useful, tangible and concrete result” test adopted in 1998 in State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc. Numerous legal comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Patent Law
Under United States law, a patent is a right granted to the inventor of a (1) process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, (2) that is new, useful, and non-obvious. A patent is the right to exclude others, for a limited time (usually, 20 years) from profiting from a patented technology without the consent of the patent holder. Specifically, it is the right to exclude others from: making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing, inducing others to infringe, applying for an FDA approval, and/or offering a product specially adapted for practice of the patent. History 1623. England adopts Statute of Monopolies, which has been acknowledged as a legal predecessor of the US patent law. 1789. U.S. Constitution in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 authorizes Congress "to promote the Progress of . . . useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to . . . Inventors the exclusive Right to their . . . Discoveries." It is believed that, unlike most parts of the U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alice Corp
Alice may refer to: * Alice (name), most often a feminine given name, but also used as a surname Literature * Alice (''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''), a character in books by Lewis Carroll * ''Alice'' series, children's and teen books by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor * ''Alice'' (Hermann book), a 2009 short story collection by Judith Hermann Computers * Alice (computer chip), a graphics engine chip in the Amiga computer in 1992 * Alice (programming language), a functional programming language designed by the Programming Systems Lab at Saarland University * Alice (software), an object-oriented programming language and IDE developed at Carnegie Mellon * Alice (Microsoft), an AI project at Microsoft for improving decision-making in economics * Alice mobile robot * Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity, an open-source chatterbot * Matra Alice, a home micro-computer marketed in France * Alice, a brand name used by Telecom Italia for internet and telephone services V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrhenius Equation
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of Activation energy, energy of activation. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula.Keith J. Laidler, Laidler, K. J. (1987) ''Chemical Kinetics'', Third Edition, Harper & Row, p. 42 Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship.Kenneth Connors, Chemical Kinetics, 1990, VCH Publishers It can be used to model the temperature variation of Mass diffusivity, diffusion coefficients, population of Vacancy defect, crystal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AIPLA Quarterly Journal
The ''AIPLA Quarterly Journal'' is a law journal covering intellectual property matters that is jointly published by the American Intellectual Property Law Association and the George Washington University Law School The George Washington University Law School (GW Law) is the law school of George Washington University, a Private university, private research university in Washington, D.C. Established in 1865, GW Law is the oldest law school in Washington, D. .... The Journal was established in 1972 and is student-edited. References External links * {{GWU, show=no American law journals George Washington University Law School Law journals edited by students Quarterly journals Intellectual property law journals Academic journals established in 1972 English-language journals Academic journals published by learned and professional societies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonstatutory Subject Matter
Patentable, statutory or patent-eligible subject matter is subject matter of an invention that is considered appropriate for patent protection in a given jurisdiction. The laws and practices of many countries stipulate that certain types of inventions should be denied patent protection. Together with criteria such as novelty, inventive step or nonobviousness, utility (or industrial applicability), which differ from country to country, the question of whether a particular subject matter is patentable is one of the substantive requirements for patentability. The problem of patentable subject matter arises usually in cases of biological and software inventions, and much less frequently in other areas of technology. Legislation The subject-matter which is regarded as patentable as a matter of policy, and correspondingly the subject-matter which is excluded from patentability as a matter of policy, depends on the national legislation or international treaty. Canada According t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exhausted Combination
Fatigue is a state of tiredness (which is not sleepiness), exhaustion or loss of energy. It is a symptom of any of various diseases; it is not a disease in itself. Fatigue (in the medical sense) is sometimes associated with medical conditions including autoimmune disease, organ failure, chronic pain conditions, mood disorders, heart disease, infectious diseases, and post-infectious-disease states. However, fatigue is complex and in up to a third of primary care cases no medical or psychiatric diagnosis is found. Fatigue (in the general usage sense of normal tiredness) often follows prolonged physical or mental activity. Physical fatigue results from muscle fatigue brought about by intense physical activity. Mental fatigue results from prolonged periods of cognitive activity which impairs cognitive ability, can manifest as sleepiness, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue, and can also impair physical performance. Definition Fatigue in a medical context is used to cover expe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thought Experiment
A thought experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory. It is often an experiment that would be hard, impossible, or unethical to actually perform. It can also be an abstract hypothetical that is meant to test our intuitions about morality or other fundamental philosophical questions. History The ancient Greek , "was the most ancient pattern of mathematical proof", and existed before Euclidean geometry, Euclidean mathematics, where the emphasis was on the conceptual, rather than on the experimental part of a thought experiment. Johann Witt-Hansen established that Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the equivalent German term . Ørsted was also the first to use the equivalent term in 1820. By 1883, Ernst Mach used in a different sense, to denote exclusively the conduct of a experiment that would be subsequently performed as a by his students. Physical and mental experimentation could then be contrasted: Mach asked hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neilson V , a village and parish in East R ...
Neilson may refer to: Places * Zec Batiscan-Neilson, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada * Neilson Township, in Portneuf Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada * Neilson River (Bras du Nord), Saint-Raymond, Portneuf Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada Business * Neilson Dairy, or William Neilson Dairy Limited, a Canadian dairy company * Neilson and Company, 19th century locomotive manufacturer in Glasgow, Scotland Other uses * Neilson (name), people with the given name or surname * Roger Neilson Memorial Award, annual award for the top academic College/University player in the Ontario Hockey League See also * Nielsen (other) * Neilston Neilston (, , ) is a village and List of civil parishes in Scotland, parish in East Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It is in the River Levern, Levern Valley, southwest of Barrhead, the last remaining town in greater Glas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Composition Of Matter
In United States patent law, a composition of matter is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented. The other three are a process (also termed a method), a machine, and an article of manufacture. In United States patent law, that same terminology has been in use since the first patent act in 1790 (with the exception that processes were formerly termed "arts"). The United States Supreme Court has defined "composition of matter" to mean "all compositions of two or more substances and all composite articles, whether they be the results of chemical union, or of mechanical mixture, or whether they be gases, fluids, powders or solids." That definition is problematic, however, because composite articles can be articles of manufacture—as in the case of a piece of plywood, a concrete sidewalk, a road, a fibreglass bathtub, a (kitchen) countertop, or a flitch beam. ''Robinson on Patents'' has defined "composition of matter" in these terms: A composition of matte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machine
A machine is a physical system that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to natural biological macromolecules, such as molecular machines. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems. Renaissance natural philosophers identified six simple machines which were the elementary devices that put a load into motion, and calculated the ratio of output force to input force, known today as mechanical advantage. Modern machines are complex systems that consist of structural elements, mechanisms and contr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CyberSource Corp
Cybersource is an American payment gateway founded in 1994. In November 2007, Cybersource acquired the U.S. small business payment services provider Authorize.net for $565 million. On April 22, 2010, Visa Inc. acquired Cybersource for $2 billion.{{Cite news, last=Martin, first=Andrew, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/business/22visa.html, title=Visa Buys Cybersource for $2 Billion, date=2010-04-21, work=The New York Times, access-date=2020-04-17, language=en-US, issn=0362-4331 See also *List of on-line payment service providers The following is a list of notable online payment service providers and payment gateway providing companies, their platform base and the countries they offer services in: (POS -- Point of Sale) See also * Payment gateway A payment gateway ... References Companies based in Foster City, California Visa acquisitions American companies established in 1994 Financial services companies established in 1994 1994 establishments in Calif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
