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Macedonian Grammar
The grammar of Macedonian is, in many respects, similar to that of some other Balkan languages (constituent languages of the '' Balkan sprachbund''), especially Bulgarian. Macedonian exhibits a number of grammatical features that distinguish it from most other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of case declension, the development of a suffixed definite article, the lack of an infinitival verb, and the constructions with ima/nema formed with the auxiliary "''to have''", among others. Orthography The Macedonian orthography (правопис, ''pravopis'') encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the Macedonian language. Alphabet In 1880, self-taught grammarian Georgi Pulevski made the first attempt at a Macedonian grammar. The modern Macedonian alphabet was developed by linguists in the period after the Second World War, who based their alphabet on the phonetic alphabet of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, though a similar writing system was used by Krste Misirk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grammar
In linguistics, grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers. Grammar rules may concern the use of clauses, phrases, and words. The term may also refer to the study of such rules, a subject that includes phonology, morphology (linguistics), morphology, and syntax, together with phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. There are, broadly speaking, two different ways to study grammar: traditional grammar and #Theoretical frameworks, theoretical grammar. Fluency in a particular language variety involves a speaker internalizing these rules, many or most of which are language acquisition, acquired by observing other speakers, as opposed to intentional study or language teaching, instruction. Much of this internalization occurs during early childhood; learning a language later in life usually involves more direct instruction. The term ''grammar'' can also describe the linguistic behaviour of groups of speakers and writer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrillic Script
The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, Mongolic, Uralic languages, Uralic, Caucasian languages, Caucasian and Iranian languages, Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia, and used by many other minority languages. , around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the Languages of the European Union#Writing systems, European Union, following the Latin script, Latin and Greek alphabet, Greek alphabets. The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
I (Cyrillic)
I (И и; italics: ''И и'' or ; italics: ) is a letter used in almost all modern Cyrillic alphabets with the exception of Belarusian alphabet, Belarusian. It commonly represents either the close front unrounded vowel (e.g., in Russian), like the pronunciation of in "machine", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel , (e.g., in Ukrainian), like the pronunciation of in "bin". History Because the Cyrillic letter И was derived from the Eta (letter), Greek letter Eta (Ηη), the Cyrillic had the shape of up to the 13th century. The name of the Cyrillic letter И in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (''iže''), meaning "which". In the Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter И had a value of 8, corresponding to the Greek letter Eta (Eta, Ηη). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, like in the Greek alphabet of the time (see Iotacism), there was little or no distinction between the letter / and the letter , the latter of which was deri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ze (Cyrillic)
Ze (З з; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced alveolar fricative , like the pronunciation of in "zulu". Ze is romanized using the Latin letter . The shape of Ze is very similar to the Arabic numeral three , and should not be confused with the Cyrillic letter E . History and shape Ze is derived from the Greek letter Zeta (Ζ ζ). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet its name was (''zemlja''), meaning "earth". The shape of the letter originally looked similar to a Greek letter Ζ or Latin letter Z with a tail on the bottom (). Though a majuscule form of this variant () is encoded in Unicode, historically it was only used as caseless or lowercase.Ponomar Project. ''The Complete Character Range for Slavonic Script in Unicode.'' In the Cyrillic numeral system, Zemlja had a value of 7. Medieval Cyrillic manuscripts and Church Slavonic printed books have two variant forms of the letter Zemlja: з and . Only the form w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhe (Cyrillic)
Zhe, Zha, or Zhu, sometimes transliterated as Že (Ж ж; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced retroflex sibilant ( listen) or voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/, like the pronunciation of the in "measure". It is also often used with D ( Д) to approximate the sound in English of the Latin letter J with a ДЖ combination. Zhe is romanized as , or . History It is not known how the character for Zhe was derived. No similar letter exists in Greek, Latin or any other alphabet of the time, though there is some graphic similarity with its Glagolitic counterpart Zhivete (Image: ) which represents the same sound. However, the origin of Zhivete, like that of most Glagolitic letters, is unclear. One possibility is that it was formed from the pronunciation of Hebrew letter Zayin combined with the Hebrew letter Shin letter, to eventually form the Modern Hebrew letter of Zhayin , with a geresh on top for distinction. Zhe may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ye (Cyrillic)
E (Е е; italics: ''Е'' ''е''), known in Russian and Belarusian as Ye, Je, or Ie, is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In some languages this letter is called E. It commonly represents the vowel or , like the pronunciation of in "yes". It was derived from the Epsilon, Greek letter epsilon (Ε ε), and the shape is very similar to the E, Latin letter E or another version of E (Cyrillic). Ye is romanized using the E, Latin letter E for Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, Ukrainian and Rusyn, and occasionally Russian (Озеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal), Je for Belarusian (Заслаўе, Zaslaŭje), Ye for Russian (Европа, Yevropa), and Ie occasionally for Russian (Днепр, Dniepr) and Belarusian (Маладзе́чна, Maladziečna). Usage Russian and Belarusian *At the beginning of a word or after a vowel, Ye represents the phonemic combination (phonetically or ), like the pronunciation of in "yes". Ukrainian uses the letter (see Ukrainian Ye) in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De (Cyrillic)
De (Д д; italic: ''Д д'') is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced dental stop , like the pronunciation of in " door", except closer to the teeth. De is usually Romanized using the Latin letter D. History The Cyrillic letter De was derived from the Greek letter Delta (Δ δ). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet its name was (''dobro''), meaning "good". In the Cyrillic numeral system, De had a value of 4. Form The major graphic difference between De and its modern Greek equivalent lies in the two descenders ("feet") below the lower corners of the Cyrillic letter. The descenders were borrowed from a Byzantine uncial shape of uppercase Delta. De, like the Cyrillic letter El, has two typographical variants: an older variant where its top is pointed (like Delta), and a modern one (first used in mid-19th-century fonts) where it is square. Nowadays, almost all books and magazines are printed with fonts with the second variant of the letter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ge (Cyrillic)
Ge, ghe, or he (Г г; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Most commonly, it represents the voiced velar plosive , like the in "gift", or the voiced glottal fricative , like the in "heft". It is generally romanized using the Latin letter '' g'' or '' h'', depending on the source language. History The Cyrillic letter ge was derived directly from the Greek letter Gamma (Γ) in uncial script. In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, its name was глаголь (''glagol' ''), meaning "speak". In the Cyrillic numeral system, it had a numerical value of 3. Usage Slavic languages Belarusian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian From these three languages, the letter is romanized with ''h''. Its name is ''he'' in Belarusian and Ukrainian, and ''hy'' in Rusyn. In Belarusian (like in Southern Russian), the letter corresponds to the velar fricative and its soft counterpart . In Ukrainian and Rusyn, it represents a voiced glottal fricative , a breathy voiced counterpart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ve (Cyrillic)
Ve (В в; italics: ''В'' ''в'') is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced labiodental fricative , like in "vase". It can also represent . The capital letter Ve Homoglyph, looks the same as the capital B, Latin letter B but is pronounced differently. Ve is commonly romanized by the V, Latin letter V (as described by ISO 9), but sometimes the W, Latin letter W is used instead, such as in Polish language, Polish, or by the German language, German Duden transcription. History Both Ve and the Be (Cyrillic), Cyrillic letter Be (Б б) were derived from the Beta (letter), Greek letter Beta (Β β), which already represented in Greek by the time the Cyrillic alphabet was created. In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, its name was (''vědě''), meaning "I know". In the old Russian alphabet the name was ''vedi''. In the Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic numeral system, it had the value of 2. Form The cursive, handwritten, and italic forms loo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Be (Cyrillic)
Be (Б б; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced bilabial plosive , like the English pronunciation of in "ball". It should not be confused with the Ve (Cyrillic), Cyrillic letter Ve (В в), which is shaped like Latin capital letter B but represents the voiced labiodental fricative or the voiced bilabial fricative . The Cyrillic letter Б (Be) is romanized using the Latin letter . History The Cyrillic letters Be and Ve (Cyrillic), Ve (В в) were both derived from the Greek letter Beta (Β β). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet the name of the letter Be was (''buky''/), meaning "letter". In the Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic numeral system, the letter Be had no numeric value because the letter Ve inherited the Greek letter Beta's numeric value. Form The Russian small letter (be) is similar (but not identical) in shape to the 6, digit 6. Its lowercase form also somewhat resembles a lowercase letter B ("b"), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A (Cyrillic)
А (А а; italics: ''А а'') is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents an open central unrounded vowel , halfway between the pronunciation of in "cat" and "father". The Cyrillic letter А is Romanization, romanized using the A, Latin letter A. History The Cyrillic letter А was derived directly from the Alpha (letter), Greek letter Alpha (). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet its name was (azǔ), meaning the personal pronoun "I". In the Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter А has a value of 1. Form Throughout history, the Cyrillic letter А has had various shapes, but today is standardized on one that Homoglyph, looks exactly like the Latin letter A, including the Italic type, italic and lower case forms. Usage In most languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet – such as Bulgarian language, Bulgarian, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian, Belarusian language, Belarusian, Russian language, Russian, Rusyn language, Rusyn, Serbian languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. The IPA is used by linguists, lexicography, lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, speech–language pathology, speech–language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators. The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical item, lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in oral language: phone (phonetics), phones, Intonation (linguistics), intonation and the separation of syllables. To represent additional qualities of speechsuch as tooth wikt:gnash, gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft lip and cleft palate, cleft palatean extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, extended set of symbols may be used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
