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MACH-IV (test)
The MACH-IV is a 20 question Likert scale psychometric designed to test levels of Machiavellianism (psychology), Machiavellianism in individuals.Rauthmann, John F. "Investigating the MACH–IV with item response theory and proposing the trimmed MACH." Journal of personality assessment 95.4 (2013): 388-397. In personality psychology, Machiavellianism refers to a personality construct which comprises manipulativeness, deceitfulness, and a callous, calculating orientation. It is the most widely used Machiavellianism test by researchers.Monaghan, C., Bizumic, B., & Sellbom, M. (2016). The role of Machiavellian views and tactics in psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 72-81. Background Social psychologist Richard Christie (psychologist), Richard Christie was interested in the motivations and underlying personality traits of manipulators. He proposed that they had certain characteristics that made them more willing to take advantage of others, such as having a lac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Likert Scale
A Likert scale ( ,) is a psychometric scale named after its inventor, American social psychologist Rensis Likert, which is commonly used in research questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term (or more fully the Likert-type scale) is often used interchangeably with '' rating scale'', although there are other types of rating scales. Likert distinguished between a scale proper, which emerges from collective responses to a set of items (usually eight or more), and the format in which responses are scored along a range. Technically speaking, a Likert scale refers only to the former. The difference between these two concepts has to do with the distinction Likert made between the underlying phenomenon being investigated and the means of capturing variation that points to the underlying phenomenon. When responding to a Likert item, respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machiavellianism (psychology)
In the field of personality psychology, Machiavellianism (sometimes abbreviated as MACH) is the name of a personality trait construct characterized by manipulativeness, indifference to morality, lack of empathy, and a calculated focus on self-interest. Psychologists Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis created the construct and named it after Niccolò Machiavelli, as they devised a set of truncated and edited statements similar to his writing tone to study variations in human behaviors. Apart from this, the construct has no relation to the historical figure outside of bearing his name. Their '' Mach IV'' test, a 20-question, Likert-scale personality survey, became the standard self-assessment tool and scale of the Machiavellianism construct. Those who score high on the scale (High Machs) are more likely to have a high level of deceitfulness, exploitativeness and a cold, unemotional temperament. It is one of the dark triad traits, along with the subclinical versions of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Christie (psychologist)
Richard Christie (1918–1992) was an American social and personality psychologist. He was influential in many studies on human psychology, most notably in the creation of the personality trait known as Machiavellianism. Life Christie was born in Perdue, Saskatchewan. Christie obtained his bachelor's degree from the University of Tulsa in 1942, became a U.S. citizen, and served in the Air Force during World War II. He earned a master's from the University of Nebraska in 1947 and a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley in 1949. He joined Columbia's faculty as a fellow in 1956, and became a full professor in 1960. He chaired the Department of Social Psychology from 1962 to 1965 and 1967 to 1968, retiring in 1988. He was influential in studies of the authoritarian personality, and in creating the machiavellianism scale in his career. Christie was married to Delores Kreisman, an associate clinical professor of psychiatry, and had five children: a son named Lance, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florence Geis
Florence Lindauer Geis (1933–October 7, 1993) was an American social psychologist and academic known for her research on gender bias and contributions to feminist scholarship. She was the first female faculty member in the University of Delaware's psychology department, where she served for 25 years.'' APS Observer'', January 1994 Obituary Geis earned a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Arizona and later obtained a Ph.D. in social psychology from Columbia University. Her dissertation led to the influential book Studies in Machiavellianism, co-authored with Richard Christie, which established her as a prominent scholar. She co-authored several influential works, including Seeing and Evaluating People with Mae Carter and The Organizational Woman: Power and Paradox with Beth Haslett and Carter. Her scholarship was widely used in institutions nationwide to inform discussions on gender and diversity. She was recognized with the University of Delaware’s Excellenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Studies In Machiavellianism
Studies in Machiavellianism is a book published in 1970 by psychologists Richard Christie and Florence L. Geis. It is a collection of 38 studies into the interpersonal personality variable that they dubbed ''Machiavellianism''. It is the first book on the subject, the first use of the word "Machiavellianism" as the name of a personality variable, and would launch an entire field of study. Overview In the aftermath of World War II, psychologist Richard Christie set out to study the thought processes and actions of those who manipulated others, such as political ideologues and religious extremists. He found that there was many studies on those who followed the organizations and movements, but the only literature on those who actually led them were psychiatric in nature. Starting from the basics, Christie hypothesized that a "manipulator" or "operator" would possess the following characteristics: *A relative lack of affect in interpersonal relationships *A lack of concern for conventi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narcissism
Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others. Narcissism, named after the Greek mythological figure ''Narcissus'', has evolved into a psychological concept studied extensively since the early 20th century, and it has been deemed highly relevant in various societal domains. Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to abnormal personality expression. While many psychologists believe that a moderate degree of narcissism is healthy narcissism, normal and healthy in humans, there are also more extreme forms, observable particularly in people who have a personality condition like narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), where one's narcissistic qualities become pathological, leading to functional impairment and psychosocial disability. It has also been discussed in dark triad studies, along with subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism (psychology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychopathy
Psychopathy, or psychopathic personality, is a personality construct characterized by impaired empathy and remorse, along with bold, disinhibited, and egocentric traits. These traits are often masked by superficial charm and immunity to stress, which create an outward appearance of apparent normalcy. Hervey M. Cleckley, an American psychiatrist, influenced the initial diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality reaction/disturbance in the '' Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM), as did American psychologist George E. Partridge. The DSM and ''International Classification of Diseases'' (ICD) subsequently introduced the diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and dissocial personality disorder (DPD) respectively, stating that these diagnoses have been referred to (or include what is referred to) as psychopathy or sociopathy. The creation of ASPD and DPD was driven by the fact that many of the classic traits of psychopathy were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dark Triad Dirty Dozen
The Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD) is a brief 12-question personality inventory test to assess the possible presence of the three subclinical dark triad traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. The DTDD was developed to identify the dark triad traits among subclinical adult populations. It is a screening test. Validity Jonason and Webster conducted several validity tests of the DTDD as part of its development. Relevant outcomes have all shown statistically significant weaknesses. * Convergent validity (i.e. the extent to which two tests that measure the same construct are strongly related) was assessed by comparing the DTDD subscales (i.e. Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism) with established measures of each subscales; MACH IV, SRP-III, and NPI respectively. DTDD Machiavellianism was correlated with Mach IV at 0.34, DTDD psychopathy with SRP-III at 0.42 and DTDD Narcissism with NPI at 0.46. However, the SRP-III correlated stronger with DTDD Machiavellianis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machiavellianism In The Workplace
Machiavellianism in the workplace is a concept studied by many organizational psychologists. Conceptualized originally by Richard Christie and Florence Geis, Machiavellianism in psychology refers to a personality trait construct based on a cold, callous and exploitative orientation. It has been adapted and applied to the context of the workplace and organizations by psychology academics. Oliver James wrote on the effects of Machiavellianism and other dark triad personality traits in the workplace, the others being narcissism and psychopathy. Characteristics Research has identified several characteristic unethical behaviors that commonly manifest in those who score high in Machiavellianism, including engaging in theft, practicing deception and dishonesty, deliberately sabotaging others' work, and participating in various forms of cheating to gain advantages. High Machs can exhibit high levels of charisma, and their leadership can be beneficial in some areas. The presence of Mach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psychopathic Personality Inventory
The Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) is a personality test for traits associated with psychopathy in adults. The PPI was developed by Scott Lilienfeld and Brian Andrews to assess these traits in non-criminal (e.g. university students) populations, though it is still used in clinical (e.g. incarcerated) populations as well. In contrast to other psychopathy measures, such as the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), the PPI is a self-report scale, rather than an interview-based assessment. It is intended to comprehensively index psychopathic personality traits without assuming particular links to anti-social or criminal behaviors. It also includes measures to detect impression management or careless responding. Factor structure Development Original subscales The items used in the original version of the PPI were based on a number of conceptual constructs theorized (by previous researchers such as Hervey Cleckley and Robert D. Hare) to be related to psychopathy. It consists o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narcissistic Personality Inventory
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) was developed in 1979 by Raskin and Hall, and since then, has become one of the most widely utilized personality measures for non-clinical levels of the trait narcissism. Since its initial development, the NPI has evolved from 220 items to the more commonly employed NPI-40 (1984) and NPI-16 (2006), as well as the novel NPI-1 inventory (2014). Derived from the DSM-III criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), the NPI has been employed heavily by personality and social psychology researchers. The NPI is not intended for use in diagnosing Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Rather, it is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" narcissism. General Formatting of the NPI ditWhen the NPI was created in 1979, it originally had 54 questions, which was then reduced to 40 after reconsideration and additional testing by Raskin and Terry in 1988. From these 40 questions, they evaluated seven dimensions presented in the test: Van ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Light Triad
The light triad scale represents an important concept in positive psychology, complementary to the better-known dark triad of personality. The idea was first suggested by Laura Johnson in her 2018 masters thesis. It comprises three personality traits that tend to manifest together and promote both individual and collective well-being: * ''Kantianism'', named after the philosopher Immanuel Kant. This personality trait manifests itself in the tendency to treat people as ends in themselves and not as means to achieve their goals. People with a high level of Kantianism show a deep respect for human dignity and make decisions based on universal ethical principles. For example, they might reject personal advantage if it would result in the exploitation of others. * ''Humanism'', which is expressed as a fundamental belief in human nature and human potential. People with a high level of this trait believe in the capacity of human beings for growth and improvement and tend to see the be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
