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Lunar Regolith Simulant
A lunar regolith simulant is a terrestrial material synthesized in order to approximate the chemical, mechanical, engineering, Mineralogy, mineralogical, or particle-size distribution properties of lunar regolith. Lunar regolith simulants are used by researchers who wish to research the materials handling, excavation, transportation, and uses of lunar regolith. Samples of actual lunar regolith are too scarce, and too small, for such research, and have been Lunar soil#Availability on Earth, contaminated by exposure to Earth's atmosphere. Early simulants In the run-up to the Apollo program, crushed terrestrial rocks were first used to simulate the anticipated soils that astronauts would encounter on the lunar surface. In some cases the properties of these early simulants were substantially different from actual lunar soil, and the issues associated with the pervasive, fine-grained, sharp dust grains on the Moon came as a surprise. Later simulants After Apollo and particularly d ...
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Compressive Strength
In mechanics, compressive strength (or compression strength) is the capacity of a material or Structural system, structure to withstand Structural load, loads tending to reduce size (Compression (physics), compression). It is opposed to ''tensile strength'' which withstands loads tending to elongate, resisting Tension (physics), tension (being pulled apart). In the study of strength of materials, compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength can be analyzed independently. Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit; others Plasticity (physics), deform irreversibly, so a given amount of Deformation (engineering), deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for Structural engineering, design of structures. Compressive strength is often measured on a universal testing machine. Measurements of compressive strength are affected by the specific test method and conditions of measurement. Compressive s ...
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Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bound together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. It is the second-most-used substance (after water), the most–widely used building material, and the most-manufactured material in the world. When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that can be poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the water through a process called hydration, which hardens it after several hours to form a solid matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material with various uses. This time allows concrete to not only be cast in forms, but also to have a variety of tooled processes performed. The hydration process is exothermic, which means that ambient temperature plays a significant role in how long it takes concrete to set. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical prop ...
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Moon Rock
Moon rock or lunar rock is rock originating from Earth's Moon. This includes lunar material collected during the course of human exploration of the Moon, and rock that has been ejected naturally from the Moon's surface and landed on Earth as lunar meteorites. Sources Moon rocks on Earth come from four sources: those collected by six United States Apollo program crewed lunar landings from 1969 to 1972; those collected by three Soviet uncrewed Luna probes in the 1970s; those collected by the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program's uncrewed probes; and rocks that were ejected naturally from the lunar surface before falling to Earth as lunar meteorites. Apollo program Six Apollo missions collected 2,200 samples of material weighing , processed into more than 110,000 individually cataloged samples. Luna program Three Luna spacecraft returned with of samples. The Soviet Union abandoned its attempts at a crewed lunar program in the 1970s, but succeeded in landing three robo ...
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Martian Regolith Simulant
Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has appeared as a setting in works of fiction since at least the mid-1600s. Trends in the planet's portrayal have largely been influenced by advances in planetary science. It became the most popular celestial object in fiction in the late 1800s, when it became clear that there was no life on the Moon. The predominant genre depicting Mars at the time was utopian fiction. Around the same time, the mistaken belief that there are canals on Mars emerged and made its way into fiction, popularized by Percival Lowell's speculations of an ancient civilization having constructed them. ''The War of the Worlds'', H. G. Wells's novel about an alien invasion of Earth by sinister Martians, was published in 1897 and went on to have a major influence on the science fiction genre. Life on Mars appeared frequently in fiction throughout the first half of the 1900s. Apart from enlightened as in the utopian works from the turn of the century, or evil as in the wo ...
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Sithampoondi
Sittampoondi is a small village in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu India. The nearest city is Tiruchengode. Sittampoondi is known for its green Sugarcane and Paddy fields. The village is fed by irrigation from the river Kaveri, away. Sittampoondi is the group of eighteen villages (called Patties). Gounders are the dominant community people in this area and most of them are farmers. Platinum discovery The Government announced that platinum had been discovered in this area. Study on lunar soil Geologists from Periyar University, Salem; the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchi; the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, "concurred" that rocks from Sittampoondi and Kunnamalai had similar properties to the soil on the Moon. S. Anbazhagan, Professor and Head of the Department of Geology, Periyar University, said: "We had done spectral studies on the lunar soil and we discovered its equivalent at Sittampoondi in 200 ...
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Chandrayaan Programme
The Chandrayaan programme ( ) (Sanskrit: 'Moon', 'Craft, Vehicle', ) also known as the Indian Lunar Exploration Programme is an ongoing series of outer space missions by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for the exploration of the Moon. The program incorporates a lunar orbiter, an impactor, a soft lander and a rover spacecraft. There have been three missions so far with a total of two orbiters, landers and rovers each. While the two orbiters were successful, the first lander and rover which were part of the Chandrayaan-2 mission, crashed on the surface. The second lander and rover mission Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed on the Moon on 23 August 2023, making India the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft in the lunar south pole region, and the fourth country to soft land on the Moon after the Soviet Union, the United States and China. Background The Indian space programme had begun with no intentions of undertaking sophisticated initiatives like h ...
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Indian Space Research Organisation
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO ) is India's national List of government space agencies, space agency, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the Department of Space (DoS), overseen by the Prime Minister of India, with the Chairperson of the Indian Space Research Organisation, Chairman of ISRO also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, space exploration, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies. The agency maintains a constellation of Earth observation satellite, imaging, Communications satellite, communications and remote sensing satellites. It operates the GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation, GAGAN and Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, IRNSS satellite navigation systems. It has sent Chandrayaan programme, three missions to the Moon and Mars Orbiter Mission, one mission to Mars. Formerly known as the In ...
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University Of Central Florida
The University of Central Florida (UCF) is a public university, public research university with its main campus in unincorporated area, unincorporated Orange County, Florida, United States. It is part of the State University System of Florida. With 68,442 students as of the fall 2022 semester, UCF has the List of United States university campuses by enrollment, fourth-largest on-campus student body of any public university in the United States. UCF is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production" and is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. UCF was founded in 1963 and opened its first classes in 1968 as Florida Technological University, with the mission to provide personnel educated in science, technology, engineering and math to support the growing NASA, U.S. space program at the Kennedy Space Center and C ...
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LCROSS
The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) was a robotic spacecraft operated by NASA. The mission was conceived as a low-cost means of determining the nature of hydrogen detected at the polar regions of the Moon. Launched immediately after discovery of lunar water by Chandrayaan-1, the main LCROSS mission objective was to further explore the presence of water in the form of ice in a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region. It was successful in confirming water in the southern lunar crater Cabeus. It was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) on June 18, 2009, as part of the shared Lunar Precursor Robotic Program, the first American mission to the Moon in over ten years. LCROSS was designed to collect and relay data from the impact and debris plume resulting from the launch vehicle's spent Centaur upper stage (and data-collecting Shepherding Spacecraft) striking the crater Cabeus near the south pole of the Moon. Centaur ...
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Deep Space Industries
Deep Space Industries, or DSI, was an American Private spaceflight, privatePrivately held company, ly-held company operating in the Outline of space technology, space technology and space exploration sectors. It was acquired on January 1, 2019 by Bradford Space. The company was developing and building spacecraft technology that would have allowed private companies and government agencies to access destinations throughout the Solar System. DSI's goal was to access to deep space and substantially lower the cost of doing so. History DSI was formally announced on January 22, 2013. DSI spent 3-½ years investigating the feasibility of space resource utilization. In late 2015, DSI received venture funding to begin the development of a propulsion system and spacecraft capable of traveling from low Earth orbit (LEO) to deep space on its own. , the company CEO was David Gump, previously of Transformational Space Corporation and Astrobotic Technology. Chairman Rick N. Tumlinson was a fo ...
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Anorthosite
Anorthosite () is a phaneritic, intrusive rock, intrusive igneous rock characterized by its composition: mostly plagioclase feldspar (90–100%), with a minimal mafic component (0–10%). Pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, and olivine are the mafic minerals most commonly present. Anorthosites are of enormous geologic interest, because it is still not fully understood how they form. Most models involve fractional crystallization (geology), separating plagioclase crystals based on their density. Plagioclase crystals are usually less dense than magma; so, as plagioclase crystallizes in a magma chamber, the plagioclase crystals float to the top, concentrating there. Anorthosite on Earth can be divided into five types: # Archean anorthosites # Proterozoic anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type anorthosite) – the most abundant type of anorthosite on Earth # Layers within Layered intrusion, Layered Intrusions (e.g., Bushveld Igneous Complex, Bushveld and Stillwater igneous com ...
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