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Little Endian Base 128
LEB128 or Little Endian Base 128 is a variable-length code compression used to store arbitrarily large integers in a small number of bytes. LEB128 is used in the DWARF debug file format and the WebAssembly binary encoding for all integer literals. Encoding format LEB128 format is very similar to variable-length quantity (VLQ) format; the primary difference is that LEB128 is little-endian whereas variable-length quantities are big-endian. Both allow small numbers to be stored in a single byte, while also allowing encoding of arbitrarily long numbers. There are two versions of LEB128: unsigned LEB128 and signed LEB128. The decoder must know whether the encoded value is unsigned LEB128 or signed LEB128. Unsigned LEB128 To encode an unsigned number using unsigned LEB128 (ULEB128) first represent the number in binary. Then zero extend the number up to a multiple of 7 bits (such that if the number is non-zero, the most significant 7 bits are not all 0). Break the number up into groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variable-length Code
In coding theory, a variable-length code is a code which maps source symbols to a ''variable'' number of bits. The equivalent concept in computer science is '' bit string''. Variable-length codes can allow sources to be compressed and decompressed with ''zero'' error (lossless data compression) and still be read back symbol by symbol. With the right coding strategy, an independent and identically-distributed source may be compressed almost arbitrarily close to its entropy. This is in contrast to fixed-length coding methods, for which data compression is only possible for large blocks of data, and any compression beyond the logarithm of the total number of possibilities comes with a finite (though perhaps arbitrarily small) probability of failure. Some examples of well-known variable-length coding strategies are Huffman coding, Lempel–Ziv coding, arithmetic coding, and context-adaptive variable-length coding. Codes and their extensions The extension of a code is the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Android (operating System)
Android is an operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen-based mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computer, tablets. Android has historically been developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, but its most widely used version is primarily developed by Google. First released in 2008, Android is the world's Usage share of operating systems, most widely used operating system; the latest version, released on June 10, 2025, is Android 16. At its core, the operating system is known as the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is free and open-source software (FOSS) primarily licensed under the Apache License. However, most devices run the proprietary software, proprietary Android version developed by Google, which ships with additional proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, most notably Google Mobile Services (GMS), which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protocol Buffers
Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) is a free and open-source cross-platform data format used to serialize structured data. It is useful in developing programs that communicate with each other over a network or for storing data. The method involves an interface description language that describes the structure of some data and a program that generates source code from that description for generating or parsing a stream of bytes that represents the structured data. Overview Google developed Protocol Buffers for internal use and provided a code generator for multiple languages under an open-source license. The design goals for Protocol Buffers emphasized simplicity and performance. In particular, it was designed to be smaller and faster than XML. Protocol Buffers is widely used at Google for storing and interchanging all kinds of structured information. The method serves as a basis for a custom remote procedure call (RPC) system that is used for nearly all inter-machine communication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Interface Device
A human interface device (HID) is a type of computer device usually used by humans that takes input from or provides output to humans. The term "HID" most commonly refers to the USB HID specification. The term was coined by Mike Van Flandern of Microsoft when he proposed that the USB committee create a Human Input Device class working group. The working group was renamed as the Human Interface Device class at the suggestion of Tom Schmidt of DEC because the proposed standard supported bi-directional communication. HID standard The HID standard was adopted primarily to enable innovation in PC input devices and to simplify the process of installing such devices. Prior to the introduction of the HID concept, devices usually conformed to strictly defined protocols for mouse, keyboards and joysticks; for example, the standard mouse protocol at the time supported relative X- and Y-axis data and binary input for up to two buttons, with no legacy support. All hardware innova ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xz File Format
XZ Utils (previously LZMA Utils) is a set of free software command-line lossless data compressors, including the programs lzma and xz, for Unix-like operating systems and, from version 5.0 onwards, Microsoft Windows. For compression/decompression the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (LZMA) is used. XZ Utils started as a Unix port of Igor Pavlov's LZMA- SDK that has been adapted to fit seamlessly into Unix environments and their usual structure and behavior. Features XZ Utils can compress and decompress the ''xz'' and ''lzma'' file formats. Since the LZMA format has been considered legacy, XZ Utils by default compresses to xz. In addition, decompression of the .lz format used by lzip is supported since version 5.3.4. In most cases, xz achieves higher compression rates than alternatives like zip, gzip and bzip2. Decompression speed is higher than bzip2, but lower than gzip. Compression can be much slower than gzip, and is slower than bzip2 for high levels of compressi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Wide Web Consortium
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. W3C has 350 members. The organization has been led by CEO Seth Dobbs since October 2023. W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forum for discussion about the Web. History The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science with support from the European Commission, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which had pioneered the ARPANET, the most direct predecessor to the modern Internet. It was located in Technology Square (Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Efficient XML Interchange
Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) is a binary XML format for exchange of data on a computer network. It was developed by the W3C's Efficient Extensible Interchange Working Group and is one of the most prominent efforts to encode XML documents in a binary data format, rather than plain text. Using EXI format reduces the verbosity of XML documents as well as the cost of parsing. Improvements in the performance of writing (generating) content depends on the speed of the medium being written to, the methods and quality of actual implementations. EXI is useful for * a complete range of XML document sizes, from dozens of bytes to terabytes * reducing computational overhead to speed up parsing of compressed documents * increasing endurance of small devices by utilizing efficient decompression History The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) formed a working group to standardize on a format in March 2006. EXI was chosen as W3C's Binary XML format after an evaluation of various proposals that inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osu!
''Osu!'' (stylized as ''osu!'') is a freeware rhythm game originally created and self-published by Australian developer Dean Herbert. It was released for Microsoft Windows on 16 September 2007, with later ports to macOS, Linux, Android (operating system), Android and iOS. ''Osu!''s gameplay, based on the ''Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan (series), Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan'' series of rhythm games, primarily involves clicking notes, which appear as circles, using the Cursor (user interface), cursor. Since the game's release, three other game modes have been added, taking inspiration from ''Taiko no Tatsujin'' and ''Beatmania''. Unlike many rhythm games, levels in ''osu!'' are created and uploaded by users, increasing the range and volume of the song library, which is a factor contributing to the game's popularity. The game has a significant connection to Japanese culture and Anime song, anime music. It has also had effects on the Esports, esports industry—professional gamers use ''Osu! ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minecraft
''Minecraft'' is a 2011 sandbox game developed and published by the Swedish video game developer Mojang Studios. Originally created by Markus Persson, Markus "Notch" Persson using the Java (programming language), Java programming language, the first public alpha build was released on 17 May 2009. The game was continuously developed from then on, receiving a full release on 18 November 2011. Afterwards, Persson left Mojang and gave Jens Bergensten, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten control over development. In the years since its release, it has been Video game port, ported to several platforms, including smartphones, tablets, and various video game consoles. In 2014, Mojang and the Minecraft (franchise), ''Minecraft'' intellectual property were purchased by Microsoft for billion. In ''Minecraft'', players explore a procedurally generated, three-dimensional world with virtually infinite terrain made up of voxels. Players can discover and extract raw materials, Glossary of video game terms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LLVM
LLVM, also called LLVM Core, is a target-independent optimizer and code generator. It can be used to develop a Compiler#Front end, frontend for any programming language and a Compiler#Back end, backend for any instruction set architecture. LLVM is designed around a language-independent specification, language-independent intermediate representation (IR) that serves as a Software portability, portable, high-level assembly language that can be optimizing compiler, optimized with a variety of transformations over multiple passes. The name ''LLVM'' originally stood for ''Low Level Virtual Machine.'' However, the project has since expanded, and the name is no longer an acronym but an orphan initialism. LLVM is written in C++ and is designed for compile-time, Linker (computing), link-time, runtime (program lifecycle phase), runtime, and "idle-time" optimization. Originally implemented for C (programming language), C and C++, the language-agnostic design of LLVM has since spawned a wide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haswell (microarchitecture)
Haswell is the List of Intel codenames, codename for a Central processing unit, processor microarchitecture developed by Intel as the "fourth-generation core" successor to the Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture), Ivy Bridge (which is a die shrink/Tick–tock model, tick of the Sandy Bridge, Sandy Bridge microarchitecture). Intel officially announced CPUs based on this microarchitecture on June 4, 2013, at Computex Taipei 2013, while a working Haswell chip was demonstrated at the 2011 Intel Developer Forum. Haswell was the last generation of Intel processor to have socketed processors on mobile. With Haswell, which uses a 22 nm process, Intel also introduced low-power processors designed for convertible or "hybrid" ultrabooks, designated by the "U" suffix. Haswell began shipping to manufacturers and Original equipment manufacturer, OEMs in mid-2013, with its desktop chips officially launched in September 2013. Haswell CPUs are used in conjunction with the Intel 8 Series chipsets, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arbitrary-precision Arithmetic
In computer science, arbitrary-precision arithmetic, also called bignum arithmetic, multiple-precision arithmetic, or sometimes infinite-precision arithmetic, indicates that calculations are performed on numbers whose digits of precision are potentially limited only by the available memory of the host system. This contrasts with the faster fixed-precision arithmetic found in most arithmetic logic unit (ALU) hardware, which typically offers between 8 and 64 bits of precision. Several modern programming languages have built-in support for bignums, and others have libraries available for arbitrary-precision integer and floating-point math. Rather than storing values as a fixed number of bits related to the size of the processor register, these implementations typically use variable-length arrays of digits. Arbitrary precision is used in applications where the speed of arithmetic is not a limiting factor, or where precise results with very large numbers are required. It should ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
