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List Of GNU Packages
A number of notable software packages were developed for, or are maintained by, the Free Software Foundation as part of the GNU Project. General aspects of GNU packages Summarising the situation in 2013, Richard Stallman identified nine aspects which generally apply to being a GNU package, but he noted that exceptions and flexibility are possible when there are good reasons: # The package should say that it is a GNU package. # It should be distributed via ftp.gnu.org, or another site offering access to everyone. # The package's homepage should be on the GNU website. # The developers must pay attention to making their software work well with other GNU packages. # Documentation should be in Texinfo format, or in a format easily convertible to Texinfo. # Should use GNU Guile for its extension language, but exceptions are explicitly possible in this regard. # Should not recommend any non-free program, nor refer the user to any non-free documentation or non-free software. # Use GNU ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Package (installation)
A package manager or package management system is a collection of programming tool, software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a computer in a consistent manner. A package manager deals with package format, ''packages'', distributions of software and data in archive files. Packages contain metadata, such as the software's name, description of its purpose, version number, vendor, checksum (preferably a cryptographic hash function), and a list of coupling (computer programming), dependencies necessary for the software to run properly. Upon installation, metadata is stored in a local package database. Package managers typically maintain a database of software dependencies and version information to prevent software mismatches and missing prerequisites. They work closely with software repository, software repositories, binary repository managers, and app stores. Package managers are designed to eliminate the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chmod
is a shell command for changing access permissions and special mode flags of files (including special files such as directories). The name is short for ''change mode'' where ''mode'' refers to the permissions and flags collectively. The command originated in AT&T Unix version 1 and was exclusive to Unix and Unix-like operating systems until it was ported to other operating systems such as Windows (in UnxUtils) and IBM i. In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, a system call with the same name as the command, , provides access to the underlying access control data. The command exposes the capabilities of the system call to a shell user. As the need for enhanced file-system permissions grew, access-control lists were added to many file systems to augment the modes controlled via . The implementation of bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. Use Although the syntax of the command varies somewhat by implementation, it generally acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cksum
cksum is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that generates a checksum value for a file or stream of data. The cksum command reads each file given in its arguments, or standard input if no arguments are provided, and outputs the file's 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum and byte count. The CRC output by cksum is different from the CRC-32 used in zip, PNG and zlib. The cksum command can be used to verify that files transferred by unreliable means arrived intact. However, the CRC checksum calculated by the cksum command is not cryptographically secure: While it guards against ''accidental'' corruption (it is unlikely that the corrupted data will have the same checksum as the intended data), it is not difficult for an attacker to ''deliberately'' corrupt the file in a specific way that its checksum is unchanged. Unix-like systems typically include other commands for cryptographically secure checksums, such as sha256sum. The command is available as a separa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cat (Unix)
cat is a shell command for writing the content of a file or input stream to standard output. The name is an abbreviation of ''concatenate'' which is from the Latin ''catenare'' meaning "to chain" Originally developed for Unix, it is available on many operating systems and shells today. In addition to combining files, cat is commonly used to copy files and in particular to copy a file to the terminal monitor. Unless re-directed, outputs file content on-screen. History cat was part of the early versions of Unix, e.g., Version 1. It replaced pr, a PDP-7 and Multics command for copying a single file to the screen. It was written by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. The implementation of cat bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard Stallman. The ReactOS implementation was written by David Welch, Semyon Novikov, and Hermès Bélusca. Over time, alternative utilities such as tac and bat also became available, bringing different new features. Use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rm (Unix)
rm, short for remove, is a shell command for removing files (which includes special files such as directories) from the file system. The command may not actually delete a file (release its storage for reuse) since it only unlinks it removes a hard link to a file via the unlink() system call. If a file has multiple links and less than all are removed, then the file remains in the file system; accessible via its other links. When a file's only link is removed, then the file is deleted releasing its storage space for other use. Generally, a deleted file's former storage space still contains the file's data until it is overwritten with another file's content. The data is not accessible via normal file operations but can be recovered via specialized tools. Since this is considered a security risk in some contexts, a hardened version of may wipe the file's storage area when the file is deleted. Commands such as shred and srm specifically provide data wiping. Since rm does no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mv (Unix)
mv is a shell command for renaming and moving files and directories. If both items are on the same file system, the command renames; otherwise items are copied to the destination and the old items are removed (more specifically unlinked). To move between two directories, the user must have write permission for both because the command modifies the content of both. For a rename, an item's timestamp is not modified. On Unix implementations derived from AT&T Unix, cp, ln and mv are implemented as a single program with hard-linked binaries. History Multics provided a file move/rename command named . A version with the contracted name appeared in Version 1 Unix and became part of the X/Open Portability Guide issue 2 of 1987. The version in GNU Core Utilities was written by Mike Parker, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. The command is available in Windows via UnxUtils. The command was ported to IBM i. Options Most implementations support: * -i interactive; the comma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mknod
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows. These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard input/output system calls. Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions. Overview Device files usually provide simple interfaces to standard devices (such as printers and serial ports), but can also be used to access specific unique resources on those devices, such as disk partitions. Additionally, device files are useful for accessing system resources that have no connection with any actual device, such as data sinks and random number generators. There are two general kinds of device files in Unix-like operating systems, k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mkdir
(make directory) command (computing), command in the Unix, DOS, Digital Research, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS operating systems is used to make a new directory (file systems), directory. It is also available in the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface, EFI shell and in the PHP scripting language. In DOS, OS/2, Windows and ReactOS, the command is often abbreviated to md. The command is analogous to the Stratus Technologies, Stratus Stratus VOS, OpenVOS create_dir command. MetaComCo TRIPOS and AmigaDOS provide a similar MakeDir command to create new directories. The numerical analysis, numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an mkdir function with similar functionality. History In early versions of Unix (Berkeley Software Distribution, 4.1BSD and early versions of System V), this command had to be setuid superuser, root as the kernel (operating system), kernel did not have an mkdir syscall. Instead, it made the directory with mknod a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ln (Unix)
is a shell command for creating a link file to an existing file or directory. By default, the command creates a hard link, but with the command line option, it creates a symbolic link. Most systems disallow a hard link to a directory since such links could disrupt the structure of a file system and interfere with the operation of other utilities. The command can create a symbolic link to non-existent file. The command appeared in Issue 2 of the X/Open Portability Guidelines. The version in GNU Core Utilities was written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. The command is available in Windows via UnxUtils and has been ported to IBM i. Links A link allows more than one path to refer to the same file. A hard link is a directory entry that refers to a file's inode (an internal reference). A file can have multiple hard links each referring to the same inode. Creating a hard link does not copy the contents of the file; but merely causes another name to be associated with the sam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Du (Unix)
du, short for ''disk usage'', is a shell command for reporting file system storage use space used for a file or a directory tree. The Single UNIX Specification (SUS) specifies that by default, du reports the space allocated to each file contained in the working directory. For a link file, the size of the link file itself is reported, not what it links to. The size of the content of directories is reported. As du reports allocation space and not absolute file space, the amount of space on a file system shown by du may vary from that shown by df if files have been deleted but their blocks not yet freed. Also, the minfree setting that allocates data blocks for the file system and the super user processes creates a discrepancy between total blocks and the sum of used and available blocks. The minfree setting is usually set to about 5% of the total file system size. For more info secore utils faq History The du command first appeared in version 1 of AT&T UNIX. The implement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dir (Unix)
ls is a shell command for listing files including special files such as directories. Originally developed for Unix and later codified by POSIX and Single UNIX Specification, it is supported in many operating systems today, including Unix-like variants, Windows (via PowerShell and UnxUtils), EFI, and MSX-DOS (via MSX-DOS2 Tools). The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an ls command with similar functionality. In other environments, such as DOS, OS/2, and Command Prompt, similar functionality is provided by the dir command. An ls command appeared in the first version of AT&T UNIX, the name inherited from Multics and short for "list". is part of the X/Open Portability Guide since issue 2 of 1987. It was inherited into the first version of POSIX.1 and the Single Unix Specification. Behavior When invoked with no path argument, ls lists the files of the working directory. Otherwise, it includes each specified file and each file of a specified ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
